UNDS

• Physical, social, mental health

  • When we're stress, our mental health will be affected that leads to a negative result
  • In all aspects, physical health is important - Not just physical appearance, but also how healthy our body, how our body is performing, etc.
• Physical self


  • Refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow being
  • Tangible aspect that cannot be examined
  • In the Philippines, Filipinos are passionate on how someone could enhance their physical appearance
• What philosophers think about beauty

  • Beauty, traditionally, was among the ultimate values along with goodness, truth, and justice
  • St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful
  • Plato connected beauty to love and desire
  • Aristotle asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness
  • David Hume - beauty is no quality in things themselves; it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them
  • Francis Hutcheson - the perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight
• What psychology discovered about beauty

  • A person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks
  • In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on "looks"
  • Halo effect - The tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personally traits or characteristics compares to those who are less attractive
• William James


  Considered body as initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. It is an element of spiritual hygiene of supreme significance. For example, boxer during a fight, do not notice/feels his wound until intensity of fight subside
• Sigmund Freud


  In psychoanalytic school, construction of self and personality makes the physical body the core of human experience
• Wilhelm Reich


  Argued that mind and body are one; all psychological processes, he postulated, are part of physical processes, and vice versa
• Erik Erikson


  • Bodily organs are important in early developmental stages of a person's life
  • Later in life, the development of physical as well as intellectual skills help determine either individual will achieve a sense of competence and ability to choose demanding roles in a complex society
• Carl Jung


  Argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only as psychological experiences
• B.F. Skinner


  Says that the role of the body is of primary importance
• Culture and perception of beauty

  • Cultural traditions can either be a positive or negative influence on body image and on self-esteem
  • Ideal standards of body sizes are culturally specific
  • Americans have emphasized thinness
  • Filipinos emphasize dieting and body appearance
  • People experience body dissatisfaction due to cultural standards
• Body dysmorphic disorder


  Imagined ugliness - a preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance by someone who actually looks reasonably normal
• Eating disorders


  • In bulimia nervosa, out-of-control eating episodes or binges, are followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts of purge (get rid of) the food
  • In anorexia nervosa, the person eats only minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously
  • In binge-eating disorder, individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not attempt to purge the food [stress eating]
• Gloria Gaynor: 'We all know that self-esteem comes from what you think of you, what other people think of you'
• Self-schema


  Past self, present self, and future/possible selves
• Inflated self-esteem


  People who holds high regards of themselves. Better than the other to the point of underestimating them
• High self-esteem


  A positive self-esteem, which makes the person, is satisfied of themselves
• Low self-esteem


  • Persons who do not value themselves and do not trust their possibilities
  • Will affect decisions in life, thinking, and how we perceive ourselves