Slide 6

• Intelligence According to Alfred Binet

  • the tendency to take and maintain a definite direction
  • the capacity to make adaptations to attend to the desired end
  • power of auto criticism
• Intelligence According to Charles Spearman

  • two-factor theory: g and s
  • ability to educe either relations or correlates
• Intelligence According to Freeman

  • adjustment or adaptation of the individual to his total environment
  • ability to learn and carry on abstract thinking
  • lack of intelligence does not cause failure
• Intelligence According to Prasad Das

  • ability to plan and structure one's behavior with an end in view
  • 4 correlates of cognitive processes (PASS)
  • planning
  • attention-arousal
  • simultaneous
  • successive
• Intelligence according to Gardner

  • ability to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered
  • Theory of Multiple Intelligence - linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, naturalist
• intelligence according to Sternberg

  • mental activities involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life
  • Triarchic theory of intelligence
  • three types: practical, creative, analytical
• intelligence according to Anderson

  • based on individual differences in information processing speed and executive functioning
  • important for knowledge acquisition
  • personality and various aspects of memory
• research traditions used to study the nature of intelligence

  • psychometric approach
  • information processing
  • cognitive approach
• psychometric approach in studying the nature of intelligence

  • concerned with the elemental structure of the test
  • correlates
  • underlying dimensions
• information processing in studying the nature of intelligence

  • processes that underlie how we learn and solve problems
• cognitive approach in studying the nature of intelligence

  • how humans adapt to real-world demands
• criticisms of intelligence tests

  • valid...but is it fair?
  • biased towards middle-class, white backgrounds
  • correlation between socioeconomic background and scores of all standardized tests
  • can be used to maintain the status quo
• beginnings of intelligence testing

  • alfred binet did some research on sensory acuity and reaction time
• 2 basic principles of binet's test

  • age differentiation
  • computation of "mental age"
  • general mental ability
• implications of g

  • a single score can represent intelligence
  • may be measured by various scales and tests
  • any given task
  • all tests are influenced by g
  • mental energy
• the early simon-binet scale (1905)

  • purpose: identification of mentally disabled children
  • 30 items, increasing order of difficulty
  • interested in identifying poor performance
  • moron: mildest level
  • imbecile
  • idiot: most severe level
  • norms of 50 "normal" school age children
  • problems
  • measuring unit
  • normative data
  • validity data
• the early simon-binet scale (1905) sample items

  • ability to recognize food
  • define familiar objects
  • define and distinguish abstract words
• the early simon-binet scale (1905) classification

  • idiot: follow simple directions and gestures
  • rules out being idiot: ability to identify body parts and objects
• simon-binet 1908 scale

  • items are grouped according to age level
  • only a single score
  • verbal language
  • reading
  • made little effort to diversify the abilities tapped
  • concept of "mental age" as a unit of measurement
  • standardization sample: N=203
• terman's stanford-binet scale (1916)

  • age differentiation
  • general mental ability
  • age scale
  • mental age concept
• terman's stanford-binet scale (1916)

  • age range increase
  • 3-14 years, plus average and superior adults
  • alternate items added
  • standardization sample
  • white, Californian children
  • N=1000
  • IQ concept
• terman's stanford-binet scale (1916)

  • maximum possible MA: 19.5
  • maximum possible CA: 16
• 1937 scale

  • age scale format
  • age differentiation
  • IQ concept
  • general mental ability
• 1937 scale

  • 2-22 years 10 months
  • scoring standards and instructions improved
  • added performance items
  • standardization sample
  • 11 US States
  • N=3184
• 1937 scale

  • reliability
  • excellent, but varies due to age and IQ level
  • less reliable at younger ages and higher IQ level
  • different standard deviations for each age groups
• 1937 scale problems and criticisms

  • reliability coefficients are low with younger children
  • reliability is low in higher IQ levels
  • differential variability in IQ as a function of age exists
  • different ages have different standard deviation scores
  • IQ scores in one subtest were not equivalent to IQ scores in other subtests
• 1960 scale (SB-LM)

  • age scale format
  • age differentiation
  • general mental ability
  • selected the best items from Forms L and M
  • tasks that were accomplished better as age increases
  • tasks that correlate highly with the score of the entire test
  • improved test administration
• 1960 scale (SB-LM)

  • from SD at 16 to SD at 15 - deviation IQ
  • new norm in 1972
  • 2100 children
  • included non-whites
• the modern binet scale

  • 4th (1989) and 5th (2003) edition
  • influenced by cultural and social sciences and new research in cognitive psychology
  • incorporated the gf-gc theory of intelligence
• 1986 revision

  • age differentiation
  • general mental ability
  • wide range of tasks and content
  • use standard scores
  • 15 separate subtests
  • 4 major content areas
  • composite reflective of g
  • rejected age scale format
• 1986 revision

  • verbal reasoning
  • quantitative reasoning
  • abstract/visual reasoning
  • short-term memory
• 2003 revision

  • integration of age scale and point scale formats
  • verbal and nonverbal scales are equally weighted
  • begins with 2 routing subtests - verbal and nonverbal
  • remaining subtests arranged in age scale format
• 2003 revision

  • basal: minimum criterion of correct responses
  • ceiling: certain number of responses that indicate that the items are too difficult
  • subtests - mean of 10 and SD 3
  • standard scores
  • mean of 100 and SD 15
  • nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, full scale IQ
  • 5 factors
• 2003 revision

  • several new subtests were added
  • normed from age 2-85+ years
  • N=4800
  • stratified by gender, ethnicity, region, education
  • 3000 more of special populations
  • IQ scores range from 40-160
• 2003 revision

  • reliability
  • .95-.98 across age groups and IQ scores
  • .70-.90 test-retest
  • inter-scorer agreement, .90
  • item analysis
  • validity
  • acceptable levels of content-related evidence
  • acceptable levels of criterion-related evidence
  • acceptable levels of construct-related evidence