GIL Anatomy

• 1. Intrinsic Muscles

  2. Superior Longitudinal

  3. Vertical

  4. Transverse

  5. Inferior Longitudinal

  6. Septum

  7. Extrinsic Muscles

  8. Genioglossus

  9. Hyoglossus

  10. Styloglossus

  11. Palatoglossus

  
• 7. Extrinsic Muscles

  8. Genioglossus

  9. Hyoglossus

  10. Styloglossus

  11. Palatoglossus

  
• 1. Intrinsic Muscles
  2. Superior Longitudinal
  3. Vertical
  4. Transverse
  5. Inferior Longitudinal
  6. Septum
  7. Extrinsic Muscles
  8. Genioglossus
  9. Hyoglossus
  10. Styloglossus
  11. Palatoglossus

  
• The hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve 12) provides motor innervation to all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve 10).
• The Vagus Nerve is Cranial Nerve 10
• The Vagus Nerve is Cranial Nerve 10
• The hypoglossal nerve is Cranial Nerve 12
• The hypoglossal nerve is Cranial Nerve 12
• Cranial Nerve 5 is the Lingual Nerve and is responsible for general sensation of the tongue
• Cranial Nerve 7 is the chorda tympani and is responsible for special sensation of the tongue
• The sphenopalatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve travel through the incisive foramen of the palate
• The masseter muscle is responsible for upward and downward movement of the jaw, while the buccinator muscle is responsible blowing and sucking movements and the pterygoid muscles are involved in grinding.

  
  

  Remember for the jaw - BMP - Blow My Penis
• 1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  2. Middle colic artery
  3. Superior mesenteric artery
  4. Right Colic Artery
  5. Ileocolic Artery
  6. Jejunal artery
  7. Ascending colon
  8. Ileal arteries
  9. Cecum
  10. Appendix
  11. Transverse Colon
  12. Descending Colon
  13. Aorta
  14. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
  15. Left Colic Artery
  16. Sigmoid Artery
  17. Superior Rectal Artery
  18. Sigmoid Colon
  19. Rectum

  
• 1. Middle colic artery
  2. Right colic artery
  3. Ileocolic artery
  4. Superior mesenteric artery
  5. Jejunal and ileal arteries

  
• 1. Oesophagus
  2. Fundus
  3. Gastroesophageal junction
  4. Splenic vein
  5. Splenic artery
  6. Body of the stomach
  7. Splenic artery
  8. Greater curvature of the stomach
  9. Right gastroomental artery
  10. Right gastroomental vein
  11. Duodenum
  12. Antrum
  13. Right gastric artery
  14. Right Gastric Vein
  15. Gatroduodenal artery
  16. Common hepatic artery
  17. Portal vein
  18. Proper hepatic artery (left and right)
  19. Celiac trunk
  20. Lesser curvature of the stomach
  21. Cardia of the stomach
  22. Inferior vena cava
  23. Left gastric vein
  24. Left gastric artery

  
• 1. Aorta
  2. Celiac Trunk
  3. Splenic Artery
  4. Inferior pancreatic artery
  5. Dorsal pancreatic artery
  6. Superior mesenteric artery
  7. Posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  8. Anterior inferior pacreaticoduodenal artery
  9. Posterior superior pacreaticoduodenal artery
  10. Anterior superior pacreaticoduodenal artery
  11. Gastroduodenal Artery
  12. Common Hepatic Artery

  
• Referred pain from the foregut present in the epigastric region; from the midgut in the umbilical region; and from the hindgut in the hypogastric region.
• Referred pain from the foregut present in the epigastric region; from the midgut in the umbilical region; and from the hindgut in the hypogastric region.
• The foregut receives blood from the celiac trunk and drains into the portal system. Lymphatic drainage is via the celiac nodes.

  The midgut receives blood from the superior mesenteric artery, drains via the superior mesenteric veins and has lymphatic drainage via the superior mesenteric nodes.

  The hind gut receives blood from inferior mesenteric artery, drains via the inferior mesenteric veins and the pelvic systemic veins and has lymphatic drainage via the chyle cistern.
• Drugs such as nitro-glycerine are administered sublingually to enter directly into systemic circulation bypassing the first pass metabolism of the liver. The venous pathway for this is from the lingual veins, to the internal jugular veins, to the brachiocephalic veins, to the Superior Vena Cava.
• The motor branch of the facial nerve travels through the parotid gland.
• The masseter muscle elevates the mandible to close the mouth. The lateral pterygoid muscle opens the jaw. The temporalis muscle retracts the jaw.
• Haemorrhoids occur due to dilation of rectal veins due to pressure in the portal system. They drain into the internal iliac veins.

  Oesophageal Varices occur due to pressure on the left gastric veins from portal pressure.

  Caput Medusa occurs due to re-canalising of the umbilical vein and parumbilical veins which shunt blood towards the inferior epigastric veins.
• Hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter is a common cause of projectile vomiting in children.
• There are 5 arteries which give the stomach its vascular supply

  The left gastric artery – a branch of the celiac trunk.

  The right gastric artery – a branch of the hepatic artery proper.

  The splenic artery – a branch of the celiac trunk.

  The left gastro-omental artery – a branch of the splenic artery

  The right gastro-omental artery – a branch of the gastroduodenal artery.
• Volvulus is a complete twisting of a loop of the colon. The sigmoid colon is most susceptible.
• The distal part of the colon (which includes the descending and sigmoid colon) is the most prone to perforation due to increased pressure within the lumen. It is also the most prone to obstruction due to decreased motility.
• The parts of the colon most prone to ischemia are the:

  Splenic flexure – between the superior and inferior mesenteric artery supplies

  Sigmoid colon – between the inferior mesenteric and rectal artery supplies.

  These are known as watershed areas meaning they are between two arterial supplies