mm

• Skin lesions


  • Macule
  • Papules
  • Plaque
  • Nodules
  • Urticaria (wheals or hives)
  • Vesicles
  • Bullae
  • Pustule
  • Purpura
  • Petechiae
  • Ecchymosis (bruises)
  • Ulcer
  • Eschar
• Staphylococcus Aureus


  Gram-positive cocci, most dangerous among staphylococcal bacteria
• Staphylococcus Aureus skin infections

  • Folliculitis
  • Furuncle (Boils)
  • Carbuncle
  • Stye or Hordeolum (Kuliti)
  • Pyoderma or Impetigo
  • Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) or Ritter's Disease
• Staphylococcus Epidermidis


  Associated with "stich-abscess", UTI and endocarditis
• Streptococcus Pyogenes


  Gram-positive cocci, belongs to Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (causes complete hemolysis in blood), produces enzyme and toxins for pathogenicity
• Streptococcus Pyogenes skin infections

  • Pyoderma or Impetigo
  • Erysipelas (St. Anthony's Fire)
  • Cellulitis
  • Necrotizing Fascitis (Flesh-eating)
• Complications of Streptococcus Pyogenes infections

  • Acute glomerulonephritis
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Scarlet fever or Scarlatina
  • Strawberry tongue
• Pseudomonas Aeruginosa


  Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli, green pigmentation, sweet, grape-like odor, causes nosocomial infection
• Clostridium Perfringens


  Gram-positive, aerobic and rarely endospore-producing bacilli, produces 4 lethal toxins: alpha (most lethal), beta, iota, epsilon
• Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)


  Life-threatening infection, massive tissue necrosis with gas formation, shock, renal failure, and death within 2 days
• Bacillus Antracis


  Gram-positive, spore-performing rod (bamboo rod or medusa head appearance), produces anthrax toxin resulting in ulcer with black eschar, can grow slowly in soil types that meets moisture conditions, used in bioterrorism
• Forms of Anthrax


  • Gastrointestinal (GI) Anthrax
  • Cutaneous Anthrax
  • Pulmonary or Inhalation Anthrax (Wool sorter's Disease)
• Eye infections


  • Conjunctivitis
  • Keratitis
  • Keratoconjunctivitis
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)


  Inflammation of conjunctiva with irritation, reddening, edema in eyelids, mucopurulent (mucous and pus) discharge, highly contagious
• Haemophilus Influenzae (Koch-Weeks Bacillus)

  Gram-negative bacterium (coccobacillus), causative agent of acute and purulent conjunctivitis, and seasonal epidemics
• Streptococcus Pneumoniae


  Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, alpha hemolytic: aerobic & beta hemolytic: anaerobic, lancet-shaped
• Chlamydia Trachomatis


  Gram-negative bacterium and obligate intracellular pathogen, with high lipid, susceptible to sulfonamides associated eye infections
• Chlamydial Conjunctivitis (Inclusion Conjunctivitis or Paratrachoma)


  Caused by serotypes D to K, can be acquired upon passage in birth canal
• Neisseria Gonorrhea (Gonococcus)


  Gram-negative diplococci, kidney bean-shaped, common cause of STI in neonates—Ophthalmia Neonatorum
• Ophthalmic Gonorrhea Prevention


  • 1% Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
  • 1% Tetracycline eye ointments
  • 0.5% Erythromycin eye ointments
• Gastrointestinal tract infections


  • Gastritis
  • Enteritis
  • Colitis
  • Hepatitis
  • Dysentery
• Helicobacter Pylori


  Gram-negative microaerophiles bacteria, spiral "s" shaped, causative agent of gastritis and gastric ulcers
• Bacterial Enterocolitis (Food Poisoning)

  • Clostridium Perfringes
  • Bacillus Cereus
  • Staphylococcus Aureus Exotoxin
• Clostridium Perfringes Enteritis Necroticans

  Acute necrotizing process in small intestine with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, caused by dried or pre-cooked foods
• Bacillus Cereus


  Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium, causes emetic (vomiting) syndrome and diarrheal syndrome, found in raw plant foods and process foods + improper cooked pasta
• Staphylococcus Aureus Exotoxin


  Causes food poisoning in foods that are left unrefrigerated for few hours
• Gastroenteritis (Diarrhea)


  • Clostridium Difficile
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella Dysenteriae
  • Vibrio Cholerae
  • Clostridium Botulinum
• Clostridium Difficile


  Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria, vegetative cells are rod-shape
• Salmonella


  Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, flagellated, anaerobic bacilli of the family Enterobacteriaceae, most reported cause of food-related illness, shed in the feces
• Salmonellosis (Salmonella Poisoning)


  Infected through contaminated food or water, causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis
• Shigella Dysenteriae


  Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, produces shiga toxins that irritate intestines and invades villus of large intestines, causes shigellosis or bacillary dysentery
• Vibrio Cholerae


  Gram-negative comma-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacilli, causes cholera (El Tor), acute diarrheal infection that causes severe watery diarrhea
• Clostridium Botulinum


  Produces botulinum toxins, the most lethal substances that block nerve functions and can lead to respiratory and muscular paralysis, causes botulism
• Mouth infections


  • Dental Carries
  • Periodontitis or Gingivitis
  • Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Trench mouth or Vincent's Disease)
• Dental Carries


  Involves dissolution of solid tooth surface due to metabolic action of bacteria, tooth decay
• Periodontitis or Gingivitis


  Inflammation of gums or gingiva, occurs due to film of plaque
• Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Trench mouth or Vincent's Disease)


  Sudden onset gingiva showing punched-out-crater, with whitish pseudomembrane, spontaneous bleeding and breath has fetid odor
• Escherichia Coli


  Protects the intestinal tract from bacterial infections, produces small amount of Vit B12 and K, most common cause of UTI
• Serratia Specie


  Most frequent is Serratia Marcescens, causes septicemia (blood poisoning by bacteria)
• Streptococcus Parasanguinis


  Present in breastmilk