BIO110: Taxonomy

• the most important tool for taxonomic studies

  collection
• types of collection

  localities, seasonal variation, variation in development, host-parasite relations, and others
• collection room


  museums and institutions
• collection method:

  • survey collections
  • general exhibition
  • teaching students
  • identified collections
  • research collections
  • type collections
  • damaged collections
• first described specimen (rare)

  holotype
• duplicate specimen of holotype

  isotype
• two or more specimen that is listed

  syntype
• duplicate of syntype

  isosyntype
• other samples in first description

  paratype
• replacement to holotype if lost or not been designated

  lectotype
• if no holotype, lectotype or syntype is known to exist (or has been lost), then the first reviser of the group may select a specimen which is fully fitting to the original description of the species.

  neotype
• same locality, same species, different date

  topotype
• formally used for syntype

  cotype
• may be used to a 'paratype' specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype. M

  allotype
• taxonomic characters :

  • biochemical
  • molecular
  • morphological
  • behavioral or ecological
• taxonomic characters can also be qualitative or quantitative
• taxonomic characters can be : fixed or polymorphic and homologous or analogous
• a taxonomic key consists of hierarchically arranged diagnostic information that presents alternatives with reference to features of various taxa
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  simple dichotomous key

  
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  bracketed key

  
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  indented key

  
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  serial key

  
• what type of key is this?

  branching key

  
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  circular key

  
• what type of dichotomous key is this?

  box key

  
• identification: verification

  • comparing the identified specimen with previous description
  • comparing the identified specimen with authenticated specimens
• requesting help from specialists

  • the key may not be workable
  • there may not be a key at all available or published so far
  • there may not be an authentically identified specimen
  • the available description are too inadequate for recognition of the taxa
• types of classification:

  animal and plant
• kinds of classification:

  • downward
  • horizontal and vertical
  • natural
  • cladistic or phylogenetic
  • phenetic
  • evolutionary
  • biological
  • omnispective
  • hierarchical
• first zoological congress is proposed by

  raphail blanchard
• international rules of zoological nomenclature was formed and adopted in the

  fifth international zoological congress
• strickland code is named after one of the committee members
• in international botanic congress general set of rules is draw up by

  alphonse de candole
• paris code or candollian code is implemented on

  1867
• paris code was replaced by rochester code, vienna code, american code, and finally the

  cambridge code
• the zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical nomenclature and vice versa
• the language used for all biological nomenclature

  latin
• subgenera and all higher categories

  uninomial
• species

  binomial
• subspecies

  trinomial