criminology unit 4

• Kay idea

  Study and learned attitudes in groups that favour low-breaking
• Sutherland: Differential Association Theory


  Criminality is the result of imitation
• AC 2.2/3.2
• Evaluating Sutherland


  • Strength
  • Crime aftan ram in
• 2 Strange
• Limitation


  Skinner: Operant Learning Theory
• Strength

  • Strength
  • Jeffrey's differential reinforcement theory (DRT) suggests that crime must therefore have more rewards for criminals than punishments
• Evaluating Skinner


  • If a behaviour results in a reward it will be repeated. If it results in a undesirable outcome it will not
  • DRT suggests that crime must therefore have more rewards for criminals than punishments
  • Animals are not the same as humans
  • Learned
  • Not everyone exposed to kances becomes criminal
• Bandura's Social Learning Theory


  • Key idas
  • Much of car bekeriaur is learned fran imbating others (
  • Imitatios
  • We are more likely to appl of higher stats than us and if we sa thers being rewarded
  • We acquire oral ski through observing those
  • Secialiation with a group achas the add kes about the Ir
  • The idea that reward pand shape our behaviour-even Behaviour's streng re by s postive comm
• Evaluating Band


  • Behaviour is renge by removing in unlessble outcome
  • Behover is opped by adable unco
  • Strength
  • Strength
  • Limitation
  • Limitation
  • Limitation
  • Theory ignores mental processes such as thinking, attitudes and values
  • Limitation
  • Ignores free will of humans-Deterministic
• Models


  People whose behaviour weimane.
• Validity


  How true a test is-does it actually measure what is sets out to measure
• Other Individualistic Theories: Psychodynamic Theories, Eysenck's Personality Theory, Cognitive Theories.
• Takes account of our social ranu-we lears from others' perc
• Based on lab studies so lacks valdy
• Yochelson and Samenow: Criminal Personality Theory

  • Key idea
  • Cognition
  • Link to crime
  • Study
  • Criminal are stack at a less mature level af moral development and likely to think cely of reward and punble, noc about how their behaviour will affect others
• Cognitive theories have led to the dovalopment of CBT as a possible tament for criminal behavior.

  • Cognitho theory
  • CBT
  • Thinking errors Link to crime
• Evaluating Yochelson and Samenow


  • Strength
  • Strength
  • Limitation
  • The has led to other research ag PICTS
  • Successful treatments eg CBT here bean developed from these ideas
  • Yochelson and Samenow didn't use a control group of non-criminal co compare chinking errors with
• Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory


  • Key idea
  • Our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages
  • From childhood to adulthood
• Evaluating Kohlberg


  • Saree stades support des having less nature stage of mor development
  • found the theory to be truer for planned cries ach is that and robbery than impelse crimes a violence
  • Limitation
  • Their sample was unrepresentative-only makes, and mostly in psychiatric hospitals. Can't account for all crimmals.
  • Neglect of social factors
  • High sample attrition rate-only 30 left in study by the end.
• PICTS


  • Azpirate
  • Thinking mental processes such ar attituder, bobet, remoning decision-making so-concept and how wa Interpret the world around ST.
  • The idea that how we dik, interpret a atuaise will affect how we respond
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy treatment to carreaulty thinking passerns
  • Prychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Syles-a querdonere ained a revealing ominal though
  • Y the rests of a tady n be generalised to the whole population
• The number of pricipants who drop out of a dy
• Behaber in lb operinants is cits sot the one the tators
• Studies are chan caly ce convicted urinals who may differ from have we don't get
• They ignore social factors which may tax calty spy and dete
• Other Individualistic Theories: Psychodynamic Theories, Eysenck's Personality Theory, Learning Theories.
• Key idea

  Functionalists argue that everything has a positive role to play in helping society to run smoothly
• Key idea


  Crime is the rest of unequal access to sacity's gual of
• Crive performs four important fact

  • Maintenance
  • Social change
  • Boundary maintenance
  • Social solidarity
  • Anomie
• Evaluating Durkheim


  • Fast recognise that crime can home
  • Reject goal and means to achiene
  • Drept drunks ma
  • Reject goal and warping them with new cess is ander ge socleg-political radical and sherative catanes ppies
• Evaluating Merton


  • Shows how normal and dev
  • Strength
  • Does not suge what the right amount of crime is for society ta fanation property
  • Crime is aac functional for all-vidores or are on the same g
  • Spins why et crime in statics property and why working chas crines ratas are ge
  • Ignore cries of weally
  • An explanation that focuses on the way in which society is organised
  • Process of learning norms and values
  • All members of society feal ke they belong to the same harmonious ank and most do noc deviate from K's shared norms.
  • Normkness' Society has multiple sets of norms and values that are chan conflicting
  • Confict between the pressure to conform to society's nams in but still achieve it's main goals of monetary success
  • Crimes committed for francial in
• Other Sociological theories: Subcultural Theories, Interactionism, Marxism, Realism, Surveillance Theories
• Cohen: Status Frustration


  • Crime is a group response to un access to society's goal of wealth.
  • Working class bays and up at the bottom of school's official stan hierarchy and feel frustrated and worthless
  • Subcultures offer a solution by providing an alternate stat hierarchy in which society's valuarinated-they gain status by being deviant
• Cloward and Ohlin: Subcultures


  • Key idea
  • Criminal subcultures
  • Confict subcultures
  • Recreatist subcultures
  • Different neighbourhoods give the to different types of deviant subcultures
  • Arise in areas where there ba longstanding professional criminal network. They select posths for an apprenticeship in udarias crime and future criminal care
  • Arise where the only criminal opportunities are within street gan Violence a release for frustration and a source of stue earsed by winning territory from rival gangs
  • Made up of dropouts who have fled in both the legitimate and Bagimase opportunity structures. Ofan based on drug use
• Evaluating Subcultural Theories


  • Strength
  • Strength
  • Ignore crimes of way and pradics working chan crimes
  • Ayane stara with mainstream goals and tasto a solars when they fail to achieve there, but some people don't share these poak in the first place and my be attracted to crive for adher remons
  • Actual sublures are not a clear cut as Cloward and O can Same show characteristics of all three types
• Subculture

  A group within society that has it's own set of norms and values that differ from the mainstream
• Status hierarchy


  System of stratification based on social prestige
• Non-utilitarian crime


  Crimes committed without financial gain
• Legitimate opportunity structure


  A way to work your way up in society while staying within the confines of the law.
• Other Sociological theories: Functionalist Theories, Interactionism, Marxism, Realism, Surveillance Theories