Finals ergo

• Learning


  The act of acquiring information or skill such that knowledge and/or behavior change
• Memory


  1. A presumed 'mental storage device' in which information may be held, as in the concept of a phonological store. 2) A recognized 'capacity of mind', as in the concept of episodic memory.
• Memory


  The ability to capture externally or internally presented information, store it and reconstruct it later
• Process by which information is acquired, stored, retrieved, and possibly forgotten

  1. Acquired - Encoding

  2. Stored in the brain - Storage

  3. Later retrieved - Retrieval

  4. Eventually (possibly) forgotten
• Encoding


  The initial experience of perceiving and learning information

  
• Storage


  Where the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
• Retrieval


  Getting information out of storage
• Information Processing Model of Memory

  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-Term Memory
  • Long-Term Memory

  
• Sensory Memory


  Stores all the stimuli that register on the senses, lasts up to three seconds
• Types of Sensory Memory

  • Iconic memory (visual)
  • Echoic memory (auditory)

  
• Short-Term Memory


  Conscious processing of information, attention is the key, also called "working memory", limited capacity of 7 ± 2 items for about 20 seconds
• Maintenance rehearsal


  The use of repetition to keep information in short-term memory
• Chunk


  A meaningful unit of information
• Long-Term Memory


  Information that passes from sensory to short-term memory can be encoded into long-term memory, tends to be stable and can last a long time
• Elaborative rehearsal


  A technique for transferring information into long-term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way
• Levels of processing


  Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime
• Self-referent effect


  By viewing new information as relevant to the self, we consider that information more fully and are better able to recall it
• Free-recall test


  A type of explicit memory task in which a person must reproduce information without the benefit of external cues
• Recognition task


  A form of explicit memory retrieval in which items are presented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered
• Tip-of-the-tongue


  A type of retrieval failure
• Context-Dependent Memory


  We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same environment in which we stored them
• State-Dependent Memory


  We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same mood as when we stored them
• Implicit Memory


  Showing knowledge of something without recognizing that we know it
• Déjà vu


  The illusion that a new situation is familiar
• Interference Theory


  Forgetting is a result of some memories interfering with others
• Types of Interference


  • Proactive interference (old memories interfere with new)
  • Retroactive interference (new memories interfere with old)
• Repression


  There are times when we are unable to remember painful past events, and memories can be repressed for a number of years and recovered in therapy
• Stages of Memory Process

  1. Reception and registration (how information gets into memory)

  2. Storage and retention (how information is maintained in memory)

  3. Recall and retrieval (how information is pulled back out of memory)
• Memory


  Essential to all learning, as it lets you store and retrieve the information that you learn
• Learning


  Depends on memory, as the knowledge stored in your memory provides the framework to which you link new knowledge
• Learning


  The process by which we acquire knowledge about the world, a more or less permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice
• Types of Learning


  • Latent learning
  • Observational learning
  • Rote learning
• Learning Curve


  A correlation between a learner's performance on a task and the number of attempts or time required to complete the task, representing the theory that a learner's efficiency in a task improves over time the more the learner performs the task
• Learning is not simply a process of "absorbing" information from the environment, but rather a process of actively constructing meaning from both informal experiences and formal instruction
• Workload


  The physical and/or mental requirements associated with a task or combination of tasks, the physiological and mental demands that occur while performing a task or a combination of tasks
• 40% of American workers reported their job is "Very or Extremely Stressful", and 25% of workers perceive work as their Largest Life Stress
• Stress


  The feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure
• Possible Effects of Stress


  • A psychological experience
  • A change in physiology
  • Reduced efficiency of information processing
  • Long-term negative consequences for health
• Types of Workload


  • Physical Workload
  • Mental Workload
• Physical Workload


  The measurable portion of physical resources expended when performing a given task, affected by factors like nature of work, training, motivation, and environmental factors