COM101

• Public speaking


  The process or act of performing a presentation (or a speech) focused around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or entertain them
• Principles of effective public speaking (4M's)


  • Material
  • Message
  • Methods of delivery
  • Manners in speech
• Material


  The subject that the speaker explores or discusses during their presentation or speech
• Considerations in choosing material


  • Audience
  • Expertise
  • Purpose
  • Relevance
• Message


  The main points to the central idea or theme that the speaker wants to convey to the audience
• Speech according to purpose


  • Speech to inform
  • Speech to entertain
  • Speech to persuade
• Methods of delivery


  The way in which a speaker presents their speech or presentation to the audience
• Methods of delivery


  • Manuscript
  • Memorized
  • Impromptu
  • Extemporaneous
• Manners in speech


  The way in which a speaker uses their voice and language to communicate their message effectively to the audience
• Examples of ethical standards


  • Observe ethically sound goals
  • Prepare all the time
  • Tell the truth
  • Be sensible and sensitive
• Non-verbal communication


  The use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message
• Importance of non-verbal communication

  • Enhances and emphasizes the message of the speech
  • Communicates feelings, attitudes, and perceptions
  • Sustains the attention of listeners
  • Reflects the type of speaker
  • Makes the individual more dynamic and animated
  • Serves as a channel to release tensions and nervousness
  • Helps make the speech more dramatic
  • Builds connections with listeners
  • Makes a speaker credible
• Aspects of non-verbal communication

  • Body language
  • Clothing and appearance
  • Vocal elements
  • Proxemics
  • Colors
• Body language


  The speaker's body movements which include eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and gestures
• Types of gestures


  • Descriptive
  • Emphatic
  • Suggestive
  • Prompting
• Gesture interpretations


  • Gesture of openness
  • Gesture of aggressiveness
  • Gesture of dominance
  • Gesture of defensiveness
  • Gesture of boredom
  • Gesture of frustration
  • Gesture of readiness
  • Gesture of confidence
• Clothing and appearance


  Can play an important role in public speaking, as it can influence the audience's perception of the speaker and the message being conveyed
• Clothing and appearance tips for men


  • Wear an executive attire
  • Use black suit and pants
  • Use a light-colored, long-sleeved shirt
  • Use a plain and simple tie
  • Use a black belt
  • Use well-polished black loafer shoes
  • Sport a clean, polished hair style
  • Get a clean, well-shaved face
  • Ensure nails are cut and clean
  • Avoid wearing too much accessories
  • Avoid wearing heavily-scented perfume
  • Ensure breath is fresh
• Clothing and appearance tips for women


  • Wear an executive attire
  • Use light, pastel colors
  • Use natural shade stockings
  • Use polished, high-heeled closed shoes
  • Sport a neat and clean hairstyle
  • Wear light make-up
  • Avoid wearing too much accessories
  • Avoid wearing heavily-scented perfumes
• Vocal elements


  • Pitch
  • Volume
  • Rate
  • Tone
  • Articulation
  • Pauses
  • Pronunciation
• Proxemics


  The space and distance between the speaker and the audience
• insincere


  Lacking in sincerity or genuineness
• pensive


  Engaged in, involving, or reflecting deep or serious thought
• overly-proud


  Having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities
• TOUCH


  A physical contact. It can be interpreted differently in various cultures. But, generally, it is used to communicate love, care, or comfort.
• Power, dominance, superiority


  • Long pause before answering a door knock; hands on hips; fingers hooked in belt; steepling; hands behind neck; piercing eye contact; standing while others are seated; palm-down handshakes; physically elevating self; chin and eyebrow raised; legs over armchair
• Submission, apprehension, nervousness


  • Palm-up handshake; hand-wringing; fidgeting; fingers clasped; head down; hands to face, groin, and hair; minimum eye contact; throat-clearing; constant blinking; whistling; rubbing back of neck; shifting from side to side; slumping and crouching
• Boredom or disinterest


  • Lousy handshake; shuffling papers; cleaning fingernails; minimal eye contact; looking at door, watch, window; playing with objects on desk; picking at clothes; doodling; drumming table; tapping feet; head in palm of hand; blank stare; pen clicking; foot-jiggling; body angled away from speaker; stretching
• Secretiveness and dishonesty


  • Touching nose while speaking; tugging ear while speaking; rubbing behind ear while speaking; covering mouth while speaking; scratching head; shifting eyes; tongue to side of mouth; head down; look of concern; pulling neck; fidgeting; moving body away
• Evaluation


  • Hand gripping chin with index finger up; slightly tilted head; nodding; slight blinking of eyes; stroking chin; raised eyebrow and head tilted back; index fingers to lips; squinting but with good eye contact; pulling upper lip; ear turned toward the speaker; glasses in mouth; body parallel to the speaker or turned toward the speaker; casual tapping of the foot
• Honesty, confidence, and cooperation


  • Open hands, and palm toward another person; lean forward in chair; good eye contact; legs uncrossed; hands to chest; coat open; synchronized movement with the speaker; spontaneous movements of hands, arms, and wrists; sitting tall but not higher than others; shrugging shoulders
• Anger, frustration, and defensiveness

  • Jerky movements; closed fists and flexing hands; hands inside the pockets; scratching back of neck; squinting eyes; red skin; piercing eye contact; kicking at ground; tense and rigid posture; superficial smile with shaking heads sideways
• Building a connection with the audience enhances engagement, increases the speaker's credibility, helps tailor the message, creates a positive atmosphere, and encourages feedback.
• When the audience feels a connection with the speaker, they are more likely to pay attention, retain information, and respond positively to the message.
• Audience analysis


  A process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience. This is done so the speaker will know what and what not to say, how to say it, and when to say it.
• Impromptu speech


  To be done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed in any way, shape, or form.
• Characteristics of an impromptu speech

  • Limited to no preparation time (could be three minutes or less)
  • Short presentation time (two to seven minutes)
  • Points are organized spontaneously
• Strategies in delivering an impromptu speech

  1. Past, present, future

  2. Point-reason-example/explanation-point (PREP)

  3. Opening, rule of three, clincher

  4. Bridging

  5. Reframing

  6. Playing the devil's advocate
• Extemporaneous speech


  Delivering a speech or presentation without a prepared script or memorized content. Instead, the speaker relies on notes, outlines, or mental preparation to organize their ideas and key points.
• Characteristics of an extemporaneous speech

  • Flexible and adaptable
  • Has a more conversational and informal tone
  • Relies on research, clear organization, and practiced delivery
  • Speech is delivered spontaneously, using only an outline or notes