Gender

• Patterns of Victimisation

  • Males are more likely to be victims of violent crime
  • Women more likely to be victims of domestic violence (1 in 4 vs 1 in 5) and sexual crimes (1 in 3, 97% UN)
  • Women more likely to be victims of people trafficking (for every 10 victims 5 are women and 2 are children)
• Trends

  • 95% of prison population are male
  • 3/4 of convicted offenders are male
  • Males receive longer prison sentences
  • Males 80% more likely to offend than 20% of women
• Stanko

  Domestic violence occurs every second in a 24 hour period
• Saunders


  Domestic violence rarely gets reported. (Less than 24% according to refuge)
• Pollack


  Men committing more crime is a myth women are biologically devious and manipulative but use domestic environments to hide this. They also manipulate men into committing crimes for them (See Rose West).
• Doubly Deviant


  The idea that crimes which go against traditional traits for women mean they are demonised in the media. E.g. Myra Hindley
• Chivalry Thesis


  Women are more likely to be let off as they are seen as something to be protected and cherished and can't be fully responsible for their actions
• Speed


  Women are more likely to be treated leniently in the court system as they were give less sentencing than men in 2004-5 shoplifting trials
• Morris


  Female offenders receive less severe punishments if they are first time offenders.
• Lombroso


  Biological abnormalities are a factor in crime. Studied female serial killers and found they had more masculine traits
• Dalton


  There are hormonal factors for why women commit crime
• Mosher


  Characterises hegemonic masculinity as 'hyper masculinity' as a lifestyle of dangerousness and acceptance of violence
• Baird


  Young males tend to replicate the existing versions of masculinity they were exposed to whilst growing up, such as Chicago and Detroit. Whether these young males embark on violence and gang membership as their way toward masculinity depends on family support to form 'socialisation spaces' away from 'gang male role models'
• Winlow


  WC men in Sunderland who had lost their traditional their traditional tole as breadwinner status turned to violence. They also formed a new career branch called the nocturnal economy e.g. security, taxi driving