Technical Terms Used in Research

• Research - is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.
• Research - is a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships.
• abstract - is a summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper’s purpose.
• Assignment- Random assignment is how you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study.
• Background of the study- Research background is a brief outline of the most important studies that have been conducted so far presented in a chronological order. Research background should also include a brief discussion of major theories and models related to the research problem
• Cause and effect- refers to a relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason behind the other. The term effect has been used frequently in scientific research.
• Conclusion - is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points.
• Data- Research data is any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original research findings. Although usually digital, research data also includes non-digital formats such as laboratory notebooks and diaries.
• Experiment - is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
• Findings - The principal outcomes of a research project; what the project suggested, revealed, or indicated. This usually refers to the totality of outcomes, rather than the conclusions or recommendations drawn from them.
• Hypothesis - is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses.
• Manuscript- is the work that an author submits to a publisher, editor, or producer for publication. An accepted manuscript, reviewed but not yet in a final format, distributed in advance as a preprint.
• Methodology - Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.
• Questionnaire- is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview.
• Recommendation- are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or directions that can be taken. Therefore, implications signify the impact of your research and recommendations might be concrete steps/actions that the research proposes.
• Reference- A references page is the last page of an essay or research paper that has been written in APA style. It lists all the sources you have used in your project, so readers can easily find what you have cited.
• Relationship- refers to the correspondence between two variables.
• Research- The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
• Research question- is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue. It is the initial step in a research project.
• Research Problem - is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
• Researcher- someone who conducts research, i.e., an organized and systematic investigation into something.
• Scope and limitation- are two terms that address the details of a research project. The term scope refers to the problem or issue that the researcher wants to study with the project. Limitations is the term used for constraints that impact the researcher’s ability to effectively study the scope of the project.
• Solution- Answer(s) suggested or implemented to try and solve a question or problem. A solution can be either simple or complex and may require few resources or many resources.
• Statistical tool- These are statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing, collecting data, analyzing, drawing meaningful interpretation, and reporting of the research findings. The statistical analysis gives meaning to the meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless data.
• Title- The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.
• Validity- Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.
• 1. Do not use contractions. Contractions (shortened form of words: e.g., it’s for it is, we’ve for we have) are used in very informal or conversational types of writing. In your research paper, words should not be contracted.
• 2. Do not use abbreviations. Text messages use a lot of abbreviations and short codes. Never abbreviate words in your paper because it is a formal document. Words must be spelled out correctly.
• -Introducing acronyms

  Introduce every acronym before using it in the text. The first time you use the term, put the acronym in parentheses after the full term. Thereafter, you can stick to using the acronym.

  Do not introduce an acronym unless you will use it a minimum of three or four times. If it only appears once or twice, write out the full term. If you use a lot of acronyms in the document, you can also introduce them in a list of abbreviations.
• 3. Use the third person point of view in presenting your paper. The third person is used in writing formal documents. It provides a more objective tone to the paper. Avoid using the first person and second person points of view. You may refer to yourself as “the researcher.”
• Use the passive voice as needed. In writing your paper, use the passive voice for a more formal and objective tone. The passive voice lends an impersonal tone, which is perceived to be formal, but can make the text wordier and more difficult to understand, especially when used in long sentences. Until recently, this tone was considered favorable for scientific writing and authors were advised to strictly avoid using the active voice, especially the use of “I” and “we” in their academic research papers.