communicable diseases

• Bacteria 


  the most common infection-causing microorganisms
• Viruses


  consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore mjust enter a living cells in order to reproduce
• fungi


  includes yeast and molds
• parasites


  live on other living microorganisms
• Chain of Infection

  Infectious Agent > Reservoir > Portal of Exit > Mode of Transmission > Portal of Entry > Susceptible host
• Etiologic agent


  the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of the microorganisms to live in the host's body
• Etiologic Agent 


  The extent in which microorganisms is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms (pathogenicity)
• Reservoir


  Source of infection. Common sources are other humans, the client's own microorganisms, plants, animals, or the general environment
• Portal of Exit


  before the infection can establish itself in a host, it must leave the reservoir
• Mode of Transmission


  means of transmission to reach another person or a host through a receptive portal of entry
• Direct Transmission


  involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through: Touching, Kissing, Biting, and Sexual Intercourse
• Droplet Spread


  also a form of direct transmission but can only occur if the host and te source are within three feet of each other
• Types of Indirect Transmission

  1. Vehicle-borne
  2. Vector-borne
• Vehicle-borne


  any substance that serves as an intermediate source of transport and introducing infectious agents into susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
• Vehicle-borne


  Fomites (inanimate objects or materials)
• Vector-borne


  an animal or flying or crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transport for infectious agents
• Vector-borne


  transmission may occur by injecting salivary gland fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on the skin through the bite wound or a traumatized skin are
• Susceptible host


  any person who is at risk for infection
• Disease Cycle maybe broken down by these factors:

  • Increasing host resistance
  • Destruction of the source and the reservoir
  • Destruction of the agent in the environment
  • Avoidance of exposure
• Handwashing


  the most important procedure for preventing the transfer of microorganisms
• immunization


  the process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies
• most vaccine are given more than once. a second shot or ;booster' is needed to give the body full protection against the disease
• IMMUNIZATION AGAINST COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  1. for infants
  2. following exposure
  3. for all person in endemic areas
  4. for person subject to unusual risk
  5. for known cases
• DPT?

  Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
• Corynebacterium diptheriae 


  Diptheria
• Bordetella Pertussis


  Pertussis
• Clostridium Tetani


  Tetanus
• Poliomyelitis


  caused by polio virus
• Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)


  used against polio
• MMR

  Measles, Mumps, Rubella
• Meningitis


  Caused by haemophilus influenza
• BCG

  Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin
• CDT

  Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid
• Vibrio Cholerae


  Cholera
• Shigella dysenteriae 


  dysentery
• salmonella typhi 


  typhoid
• Chemoprophylaxis


  administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of infection. E.G. penicillin for gonorrhea, chloroquine for Malaria, INH for tuberculosis
• Mechanical prophylaxis 


  placing mechanical barriers between the agent and the host
• Influenza


  highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset with fever which lasts for 1 to 6 days, chilly sensation or chills, aches or pains in the back
• Influenza


  respiratory symptoms includes coryza, sore throat, and cough