AOS1-2

• Types of Injuries


  • Acute
  • Direct
  • Indirect
• Acute injury


  Occurs quickly and for which pain and loss of function is immediate
• Direct injury


  Caused by external force e.g, cut, bruise, cork, fracture
• Indirect injury

  Caused by an internal force e.g, strain, sprain, tear
• Chronic injury


  Things that reoccur due to the weakness in that specific area, or insufficient rehab
• Overuse injury


  Injury caused by excessive and repeated use of the same muscle, bone or joint
• Acute injury types


  • Soft tissue
  • Hard tissue
• Soft tissue injury


  Any damage to skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments
• Tear


  Occurs when connective tissue – such as muscle, tendons and ligaments – is excessively stretched or ruptured
• Fracture

  A break to the bone, can be closed or open compound
• Dislocation


  Excessive movement of the joint
• Athletes can develop an overuse injury during periods if high workloads and low levels of rest, particularly relevant to younger athletes going through puberty and growth spurts
• Common musculoskeletal conditions


  • Arthritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Back pain and problems
• Arthritis


  Condition characterized by the inflammation of a joint, causing pain and stiffness
• Osteoarthritis


  Degenerative condition resulting from overuse, or wear and tear, of a joint
• Rheumatoid arthritis


  Chronic disease resulting from an autoimmune response, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, progressive and irreversible damage and deformity
• Osteoporosis


  Condition causing weak, thin bones due to rapid mineral loss
• Back pain


  Affects bones, joints, tissues, and nerves, causing soft tissue injuries, postural stress, nerve irritations, and structural problems
• Physiological strategies to prevent musculoskeletal injuries

  1. Pre-participation screening

  2. Adequate recuperation between training sessions

  3. Warm-up

  4. Cool-down
• Pre-participation screening


  Completed by all persons before beginning or increasing physical activity, in the form of questionnaires and/or physical examinations
• Warm-up


  Gets the body ready for physical action by raising heart rate, respiratory rate, blood flow, muscle temperature and flexibility, and enzyme activity
• Cool-down


  Helps the body recover from exercise by doing a low-intensity version of the activity, to avoid venous pooling, break down and eliminate waste products, reduce muscular discomfort, and return the body to a resting physiological condition
• Physical aids to support the musculoskeletal system

  • Protective equipment
  • Taping
  • Braces
• Protective equipment


  Limits the risk of damage to participants, particularly the effects of impact and collisions
• Taping


  Preventative taping (or strapping) and bandaging of joints before playing or training can help to lessen the likelihood and severity of a ligament injury or strain
• Braces


  Sports braces have a similar role as taping in the prevention of sports injuries, with the added benefit that the athlete may put on the brace themselves
• Performance enhancement techniques


  • Mechanical
  • Pharmacological
  • Physiological
  • Psychological
• Mechanical performance enhancement


  Devices including heart rate monitors, weights, sports clothing and footwear, equipment
• Pharmacological performance enhancement


  Synthetically produced drugs including anabolic, steroids, beta blockers and amphetamines
• Physiological performance enhancement


  Practices and use of naturally occurring products including blood doping, EPO, human growth hormone
• Psychological performance enhancement


  Methods including imagery, meditation, music, relaxation
• How training methods enhance performance of the musculoskeletal system

  1. Determine relevant fitness components, energy systems and muscles used in each sport

  2. Anaerobic training methods such as resistance training, plyometric training and interval training to develop power, strength and speed

  3. Aerobic training methods such as continuous training, fartlek or long interval training to develop endurance
• Performance Enhancement


  Any method, device or substance that enhances an athlete's performance
• Why do athletes try to performance enhance?


  • To influence the physiological capacity of a particular body system
  • To remove physiological constraints that impact on performance
  • To increase the speed of recovery
• Performance Enhancement Techniques


  • Mechanical
  • Nutritional
  • Pharmacological
  • Physiological
  • Psychological
• Mechanical performance enhancement techniques

  • Heart rate monitors
  • Weights
  • Sports clothing and footwear
  • Equipment
• Nutritional performance enhancement techniques


  • Caffeine
  • Creatine
  • Sports drinks
• Pharmacological performance enhancement techniques


  • Anabolic steroids
  • Beta blockers
  • Amphetamines
• Physiological performance enhancement techniques


  • Blood doping
  • EPO
  • Human growth hormone
• Psychological performance enhancement techniques

  • Imagery
  • Meditation
  • Music
  • Relaxation