Practical Research 1

• RESEARCH DESIGN refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of research.
• Study Population


  Group of people
• Qualitative Sampling is very important and relevant.
• The selection of the sampling theory and sample size for qualitative research is driven by the following: (3)

  • Research question(s)/purpose

  • Time Frame of your study

  • Resources available
• Population


  A complete set of person or objects that possesses same characteristics.
• Target Population


  (Kind of Population) Made up of all persons or objects which the researcher would want his findings to be generalized to.
• Accessible Population


  (Kind of Population) Group of individual within which the samples will be taken from.
• 2 Kinds of Population:

  1. Target Population
  2. Accessible Population
• 2 Kinds of Population:


  1. Target Population
  2. Accessible Population
• Data


  Is collected from only some members of a population.
• Samples


  Group of individuals that represent the characteristics of a particular situation.
• Sampling


  Is the process of choosing these samples from a population.
• Purposeful/Purposive Sampling


  (Type of Qualitative Sampling) Participants are selected based on pre-selected criteria on the research question.
• Purposive Sampling (Type of Qualitative Sampling) is used when participants are grouped according to a set of criteria specified in your research.
• Quota Sampling


  (Type of Qualitative Sampling) Sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset to sampling; researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain number of participants that meet certain characteristics.
• Snowball Sampling


  (Type of Qualitative Sampling) Also called referral or chain referral sampling.
• Snowball Sampling


  (Type of Qualitative Sampling) The participants refer the researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study; helps researchers find and recruit participants that may otherwise be hard to reach.
• 3 Main Types of Qualitative Sampling:

  1. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
  2. Quota Sampling
  3. Snowball Sampling
• 3 Main Types of Qualitative Sampling:

  1. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
  2. Quota Sampling
  3. Snowball Sampling
• The size of a sample is important to determine the difference of a target population.
• 3 Considerations in determining sample size for qualitative studies.

  1. The size and pattern of the sample need to be considered.
  2. The size of a sample is important to determine the difference of a target population.
  3. Approximation of a sample size grounded on the method of the study may be used.
• 3 Considerations in determining sample size for qualitative studies.

  1. The size and pattern of the sample need to be considered.
  2. The size of a sample is important to determine the difference of a target population.
  3. Approximation of a sample size grounded on the method of the study may be used.
• 5 Characteristics of Good Data Collection Instrument

  1. Brief but effective
  2. Able to gather information other than what is available
  3. Arrangement of questions must be sequenced in increasing difficulty
  4. Validated and evaluated for its reliability
  5. Data to be collected must be easily tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted
• Background Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) Background - e.g. education, age, previous work, status
• Knowledge Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) Factual information - e.g. Asking about school information such as school rules or activities.
• Experience Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) What the participant is doing presently or in the past. - e.g. Experiences in attending the gym.
• Opinion Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) How the participant think on certain topics/issues. - e.g. "What do you think about the implementation of the K-12 curriculum?"
• Feeling Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) Emotional responses on their experiences. - e.g. "How do you feel when you correctly solve a calculus problem?"
• Sensory Questions


  (Type of Interview Questions) Has seen, tasted, touched, or smelled. - e.g. "When you entered the room, what did you smell?"
• Focus Group Discussion


  (Method in Data Collection) A group discussion on a particular topic organized for research purposes.
• Focus Group Discussion


  (Method in Data Collection) Is guided, monitored, and recorded by a researcher.
• Focus Group Discussion

  (Method in Data Collection) Used for generating information on collective use views, and the meanings that lie behind those views.
• Focus Group Discussion


  (Method in Data Collection) Useful in generating rich understanding of participants' experiences and beliefs.
• 2 Data Collection Benefits:

  1. Information is richer
  2. Has a deeper insight
• 2 Data Collection Benefits:

  1. Information is richer
  2. Has a deeper insight
• Observation


  (Method in Data Collection) May take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening.
• 6 Types of Interview Questions

  1. Background Questions
  2. Knowledge Questions
  3. Experience Questions
  4. Opinion Questions
  5. Feeling Questions
  6. Sensory Questions
• 6 Types of Interview Questions


  1. Background Questions
  2. Knowledge Questions
  3. Experience Questions
  4. Opinion Questions
  5. Feeling Questions
  6. Sensory Questions
• Observation


  (Method in Data Collection) May take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening.
• 4 Observation limitations include:

  1. Change in people's behavior.
  2. A 'snap shot' view of a whole situation.
  3. The researcher may miss something while they are watching and taking notes.
  4. The researcher may make judgments.