Biology Topic 4

• what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

  glucose --> Lactic acid

  
• what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in microbes/plants?

  Glucose --> Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
• how is oxygen debt repaid?

  heavy breathing
• Why do we need the energy from respiration for?

  movement/warmth/reparation
• Breathing


  moving air in and out of the lungs
• Respiration


  A chemical reaction that releases energy from food
• Gas Exchange


  diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood to air and diffusion of oxygen into capillaries
• what is the equation for respiration?

  Oxygen + Glucose --> Carbon dioxide and water
• what is the equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxdie+Water --> Oxygen and Glucose
• which part of the cell aids respiration

  mitochondria
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  endothermic
• do roots photosynthesise?


  no, they don't get enough sunlight
• why is oxygen a waste product of photosynthesis?

  it is there to make glucose for the plant not to produce oxygen
• why does a leaf have a short diffusion distance?

  so light can penetrate it
• why does the leaf have lots of stomata?

  to let carbon dioxide enter for photosynthesis
• why does the leaf have xylem?

  brings water to photosynthesize
• Why does the leaf's green colour aid photosynthesis?

  it has chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight
• what does water need to react with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?

  sunlight
• what does carbon dioxide need to react with water during photosynthesis?

  chloroplasts
• what was a controlled variable in the required practical?

  bubble count time/pondweed/carbon dioxide
• why should we carry out experiments multiple times?

  To increase the reliability of the results
• Why should you discard anomalous results?


  to make the mean more accurate
• what errors could have taken place during the practical?

  human error/distance
• how does anaerobic respiration aid a person when exercising?

  it releases energy for muscle contraction
• where do you find the waxy cuticle?

  outer surface
• What is the job of the cuticle?

  to prevent water loss
• which plants don't have waxy cuticles?

  underwater plants
• Why aren't spongy mesophyll cells tightly packed?

  so carbon dioxide can reach palisade cells
• what are found in mesophyll cells?

  chloroplasts
• Where are the palisade cells found?

  top layer
• what are palisade cells adapted for?

  light
• what do palisade cells have more of?


  chloroplasts
• why does more photosynthesis occur at the top?

  more sunlight
• What shape are the palisade cells and why?


  blocks to pack them in bulk
• What is the main job of a guard cell?

  to help diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen through stomata
• Which part of the plant do the guard cells surround?

  stem
• What is the job of the xylem?

  to transport water
• what is the job of the phloem


  to transport food from leaves to the rest of the plant
• what does the epidermic do?

  Prevent pathogen entry
• what is the formula for cardiac output?

  co= SV x HR