Stat Reviewer

• 1. The entire group of individuals

  Population
• 2. a group of methods that are used to collect, organize, present, analyze, and interpret the data to make decisions.

  Statistics
• used to figure out what sample size you need to take,

  Slovin's formula
• n = N / (1 + Ne2)

  Where:

  • n = Number of samples,

  • N = Total population and

  • e = Error tolerance (level).

  Slovinn's Formula
• used to calculate an ideal sample size given a desired level of precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of the attribute present in the population.

  Cochran's formula
• a characteristic or condition that can

  change or take on different values.

  Variables
• Types of Variables


  discrete

  continuous
• countable in a finite amount of time/countable numbers


  discrete
• infinite numbers or value within the range

  Continuous Variables
• To establish relationships between variables, researchers

  must observe the variables and record their observations.

  Measuring Variables
• The process of measuring a variable requires a set of

  categories and a process

  that classifies each individual into one category.

  scale of measurement
• 4 types of measurement

  Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio scale
• unordered set of

  categories identified only by name.

  nominal scale
• only permit you to

  determine whether two individuals are the

  same or different.


  nominal scale
• words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can

  be used.

  nominal scale
• an ordered set of categories/ the direction of difference

  between two individuals.

  ordinal scale
• an ordered series of equal-sized categories/ identify the direction and

  magnitude of a difference. The zero point

  is located arbitrarily on an interval scale.

  interval scale
• an interval scale where a value of zero indicates none of the variable/ identify the direction and magnitude of differences and allow ratio

  comparisons of measurements.

  ratio scale
• The measurements obtained

  in a research study

  Data
• The goal of statistics is to

  help researchers organize and

  interpret the______

  data
• types of statistics

  Descriptive/ Inferential
• the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying, and describing data.

  Descriptive
• A descriptive value for a population is

  called a

  parameter
• a descriptive

  value for a sample is called a

  statistic
• the branch of statistics that involves

  drawing conclusions about a population based on information

  contained in a sample taken from that population.

  inferential statistic
• The discrepancy between a sample

  statistic and its population parameter

  sampling error
• a process of gathering information from all the relevant sources to find a solution to the research problem.

  data collection
• methods of data collection

  1. Observation

  2. Interview

  3. Schedule

  4. Questionnaire
• can be classified into two types, namely primary data and secondary data.

  data
• seeks to ascertain what people think and do by watching

  them in action as they express themselves in various situations and

  activities.

  observation
• Instead of writing the

  response, the interviewee or

  subject gives the needed

  information verbally in a

  face-to-face relationship.

  interview
• very much similar to questionnaire and

  there is very little difference between the two so far

  as their construction is concerned.

  schedule method
• provides the most speedy

  and simple technique of gathering data

  about groups of individuals scattered in

  a wide and extended field.

  Questionnaire
• a technique of selecting individual members or

  a subset of the population to make statistical inferences from

  them and estimate characteristics of the whole population.

  sampling
• types of sampling method

  Probability (Random) Sampling

  •Non-probability (Non-random) Sampling
• start with a complete

  sampling frame of all eligible individuals from which you

  select your sample. (unbiased)

  probability random sampling
• the population has an equal chance of being selected as member of sample

  Probability
• types of probability random sampling

  1. Simple random sampling

  2. Systematic sampling

  3. Stratified sampling

  4. Clustered sampling
• the population has an equal chance, or

  probability, of being selected.

  simple random sampling
• Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling

  frame.

  the individuals in the population are arranged in methodical manner

  systematic sampling