4th quarter

• CONTEXT - Understanding the background of the text
• CONTEXT - The Time and Period of the Text was Written
• CONTEXT - What Circumstances Produced the Text?
• CONTEXT - Issues the Text Tackles or deals with
• The CONTEXT is simply the BACKGROUND of the TEXT: socially, politically, culturally, or historically or by circumstances
• INTERTEXT - Between texts
• INTERTEXTUALITY is the CONNECTION among TEXTS
• During 1960’s According to critic, Julia Kristeva: There are RELATIONSHIPS among TEXTS.
• Intertextuality is the development of the text’s meaning through another text.
• INTERTEXT - Shows connections among texts in terms of language, images, characters, themes, or subject/topic.
• INTERTEXT - It involves imitation because the author, as highly influenced by another author comes up with his version of the text consciously or unconsciously incorporating the style and other characteristics of the text done by that author
• HYPERTEXT - Non-linear way of showing information
• HYPERTEXT - Connects Related Info., Graphics, Videos, or Sounds to the text
• Using Hyperlinks, readers can easily access more information about the topic.
• Critical reading is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author’s claim.
• Critical readers are doing the process of evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting the assertion of the hidden meaning of the whole text.
• While reasoning as defined by Merriam Webster dictionary is an act of giving statements for justification and explanation.
• CRITICAL READING AS REASONING - It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons.
• CRITICAL READING AS REASONING Therefore, when reading critically, it is necessary to question the different arguments used by the author, as any problem can weaken the authenticity of the conclusion.
• Remember that Critical reading is not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence.
• When you write your counterclaim, you are expressing unfavorable statements. Therefore, it is needed to use hedges words or phrases to be able to give a courteous tone.
• Steps Used in Critical Reading AS Reasoning by Maxine Rafaella C. Rodriguez and Marella Therese Tiongson

  
  

  1. Identifying assertions
  2. Formulating Counterclaims
  3. Determining evidence
• Different forms of hedges:

  Modal

  Frequency adverbs

  Probability adverbs
• Modals: may, could, would, should, might, certain, must, etc.
• Using ____, expressing our counterclaim will be in a courteous tone.

  hedges words
• Frequency adverbs: usually, generally, commonly
• Probability adverbs: probably, possibly, presumably
• Identifying assertions - Identify by a common type of assertion such as fact, convention, opinion and preference
• Counterclaims are made to rebut a previous claim.
• Evidence is the details given by the authors to support his/her claims
• A BOOK REVIEW describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book’s overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to the unknown readers
• As a reviewer, you bring together the two strands of accurate, analytical reading and strong, personal response when you indicate what the book is about and what it meant to readers.
• in writing a book review, you combine your skills of describing the content of the pages, analyzing how the book achieved its purpose, and expressing your most personal comments, reactions, and suggestions.
• But before you start writing a book review, you have to read the book first and ask yourself these questions

  • writer's viewpoint and purpose
  • writer's main point and evidence
  • relation to other literature
  • writer's expertise on the topic
  • appropriate criteria
  • How successful do you think the author was in carrying out the overall purposes of the book?
• The length of the review depends upon the length of the book itself, and a review should not be less than 100 words. Longer books usually ask for more than 500 words.
• How do you START writing a book review?

  1. Identify the book by author, title, and sometimes publishing information.
  2. 2. Specify the type of book (for example: fiction, nonfiction, biography, and autobiography). Help your readers to review with perspective.
  3. Mention the book’s theme.
  4. Include background, if necessary, to enable reader/s to place the book into a specific context.
  5. You may also use an interesting quote, an interesting fact, or an explanation of a concept or term.
• For nonfiction books like biography, history, and the like: pay primary attention to the major points (the argument) the author is putting forth and to the sources the author has drawn upon to back up his/her point of view.
• For fictional works such as novels, chick lit, graphic novels, manga: Pay attention primarily to the novel or book’s setting, plot, style, characters, theme/s, use of language and voice.
• How do you CONCLUDE?

  1. Relate your argument to other books or authors.
  2. Relate the book to larger issues.
  3. Tie together issues raised in the review.
  4. Briefly restate your main points and your thesis statement.
  5. Indicate how well the book has achieved its goal, what possibilities are suggested by the book, what the book has left out, how the book compares to others on the subject, what specific points are not convincing, and what personal experiences you’ve had related to the subject.
• How do you REVISE the draft?

  1. Allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision.
  2. Correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them.
  3. Read your paper through again looking for unity, organization, and logical development.
  4. If necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft.
  5. Verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references.