Energy Systems

Created by

Sophie Schofield

Cards (45)

ATP 
The useable form of energy in the body
Phosphocreatine  
An energy-rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
used to rebuild ATP in the fist 10 seconds of exercise
Carbohydrates  
Are stored as glycogen in the muscles and the liver and converted into glucose during exercise
used during both aerobic and anaerobic training
Fats  
Are stored as triglycerides and converted to free fatty acids when required
metabolised during low intensity exercise and need lots of oxygen to break them down
Protein  
Helps the rebuilding of muscles
provided the source of approximately 5-10% of energy used during exercise
it tends to be oxidised when stores of glycogen are low
Metabolism  
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste
Glycolysis  
The breaking down of glycogen in order to resynthesise ATP
lactic acid (latate) 
a fatiguing by-poduct of anaerobic gycolosis
anaerobic  
respiration in the absance of oxygen
aerobic  
respiration in the presence of oxygen
mitochondria  
the site of aerobic respiration
beta oxidation  
the process by which fat is motabolised
what is adenosine triphosphate 
The only thing to make us move
Adenosine molecule + 3 phosphate molecules
Use charbohydrates (glyccogen), phosphocreatine nd oxygen to rebuld ATP
Always have enough stored for 3 seconds of exercise
ATPase is the enzyme that breaks down ATP
which intensities use which sources  
low intensity + low duration = fats
moderate/high intensity = carbohydrates
high/maximum intensity = phosphocreatine
+use protein if all stores run out
what happens to ATP during exercise
splits to become ADP (adenosine diohosphate) in an exothermic reaction
The ATP-PC system (anaerobic alactate system) 
Steals a phosphate molecule to turn ADP into ATP stored in the caroplasm
Resynthesise ATP quickly
Source = phosphocreatine
Creatine kinase breaks down PC
Use for high intensity exersice and lasts up to 3-10 seconds
what are the advantages of the ATP-PC system  
ATP can be regenerated quickly
PC stored replenish every 3 minutes
No fatiguing by-products
Can be extended through a use of a creatine supplement
whatare the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system
Limited supply of PC in the body
Yeild of only 1 ATP molecule for 1 molecule of PC
Regeneration can only take place in the presence of oxygen
the anaerobic lactate system or the anaerobic lactate system  
Uses glycogen to provide energy for high intensity exercise for 10 seconds - 2 minutes
examples
800m
gymnastics
100m swim
how does the anaerobic lactate system use glycolysis  
glycogen is broken down to glucose by the enzyme PFK (phosphofructokinase) and produces a yeild of 2 ATP molecules. Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid and then into lactic acid
what are the advantages of the anaerobic lactate system  
Resynthesise ATP quickly
Larger yeild than ATP-PC system
With oxygen present lactic acid is converted back to glycogen
Useful for producing an extra burst of energy
what are the disadvantages of the anaerobic lactate system  
Produces by-products (lactate and pyruvic acid)
Only small amount of energy is released from glycogen while under anaerobic conditions
the aerobic system  
Uses oxygen to break down glycogen and fats
Long distance and at low/moderate intensity
Resynthesise ATP slowly
what are the three stages of the aerobic system  
glycolysis, krebs cycle, the electron transport chain
what is glycolysis in the aerobic system  
glycogen is converted into glucose using PFK to produce a yeild of 2 ATP molecules. Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid and with the use of Acetyl-Coenzyme-A, pyruvic acid is converted into citric acid.
what is the krebs cycle in the aerobic systen  
Citric acid moves into the krebs cycle in the mitochondria
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide is produced
It produces a yield of 2 ATP molecules
what is the electron transport chain in the aerobic stsyem
The hydrogen produces in the krebs cycle move into the ETC where it is split onto hydrogen ions and electrons. Hydrogen ions pair with oxygen to create water and the electrons produce a yield of 34 ATP molecules
what are the advantages of the aerobic system  
No waste products
High yield of ATP molecules
Plenty of glycogen and triglyceride stores
what are the disadvantages of the aerobic system  
Resynthesise ATP slowly
Fatty acid transportation to muscle sites are slow
what is beta oxidation  
proces by which fat is broken down in the aerobic system:
tryglycerides (stored as fat under the skin + in muscles) (glycerol and fatty acid chain) are converted into Acetyl-CoA in the process of beta oxidation for that to then go to the krebs cycle.
Oxygen breaks fat into fatty acids which enter the blood stream and is taken to the muscles
More ATP can be made from one molecule of fatty acids than from one molecule of glycogen
what is an energy continuum  
shows hoe aerobic and anaerobic sports are and which energy system they use
which energy systems use which muscle fibre  
type 1 = aerobic system
type 2a = anaerobic lactate system
type 2b/x = ATP-PC syste
what is fatigue  
multifactional process that reduces exercise and performace
what causes fatigue  
Build up of lactate - interferes with enzyme activity and disrupts muscle contraction
Dehydration - blood becomes thicker which means the heart has to work harder and it takes longer to deliver oxygen rich blood to the muscles. less oxygen is delivered and we start working anaerobically
Build up of H+ ions - interferes with enzyme activity and disrupts muscle contraction
Lack of phosphocreatine + glycogen - cannot resynthesise ATP quickly enough
Reduced levels of acetylcholine + calcium - slows down muscle contraction
how can you prevent fatigue  
Warm up efficiently
Drink plenty of water
PC supplements
Carbohydrate gels
what is VO2 max and what influences it  
the amount of oxygen we take in and use during exercise
amount of mitochondria, muscles, cappilaries
higher VO2 max enables you to work aerobically at higher intensities for longer
how can training improve VO2 max 
More capillaries, mitochondria, RBC, haemoglobin + myoglobin
Stronger muscles
Increased stroke volume, ejection fraction and cardiac hypertrophy
how do you measure VO2 max 
multi-stage fitness test
YOYO
each are a field test
lab test - indirect calorimetry -> douglas bag collects the air expelled while running till exhaustion
what is anaerobic threshold/lactate threshold
the point at which lactate accumilates and starts to supress/decrease performace
OBLA - onset of blood lactate accumilation
occurs at the lactate concentration between 2-4mmol-1 (millimoles per litre)
untrained individuals = 55-60% of VO2 max
trained individuals = 70-90% of VO2 max -> begin OBLA at higher work intensities / they have a delayed OBLA
what are the implications of recovery on planning training sessions  
Full recovery of PC stores take 3 minutes
Active cool down -> removal of lactate is quicker but the inensity changes depending in the individual
Monitor taining intensities -> can avoid OBLA + maintain quality of training