culture

• Culture


  The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour, that makes up a way of life of a particular society
• Norms


  Socially acceptable behaviour in a given society
• Values


  Beliefs and ideas that society sees as important and worthwhile
• example of norms


  Wearing clothes, using a knife and fork, etc
• Examples of values


  The idea that it is wrong to kill someone
• Subculture


  A smaller group within a larger group that has its own values that are different to the wider group
• high culture


  Culture enjoyed by those with a higher status in society
• popular culture


  cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
• global culture


  A collection of specific norms and values, which cross international boundaries
• consumer culture


  Set of ideas that encourages people to buy a range of never ending products
• Creolisation


  Process where creole cultures emerged into colonial societies
• Cultural Hybridity


  Combination of two or more forms of culture
• Relativism


  The idea that cultural values, norms and behaviours may vary according to different societies
• Primary socialisation


  First stage of socialisation where the norms and values are taught to a child within the family
• Secondary socialisation


  Socialisation provided by school, peers, work, media etc
• Exclusive nationalism

  the idea that only people who meet certain criteria are citizens and those who are not part of this group can never be equal
• Inclusive nationalism


  A form of nationalism that believes that joining a nation is straightforward and quick, as it is not based on shared previous experiences
• Ethnicity


  A shared identity based on common cultural and religious factors
• minortity


  Small number of people in a group
• invisible culture


  Where members of a cultural group are ignored
• Assimilation


  Process by which ethnic minorities adopt the mainstream culture
• Ghumann


  - family shapes ethnic identity by socialising children into key values

  - parents are considered to know what's best for children

  - argues that Hindu and Sikh girls use 'compartmentalism' to cope with twin pressures at school and at home
• Woodhead


  - Religion is important socialisation in shaping ethnic identities

  - behaviour provides explicit guidelines
• Shain


  Focused on Asian girls experiences on the education system and identified different types of peer groups (gang girls, rebels)
• Sewell


  - peer group pressure is influential in shaping ethnic identities amongst African Caribbean youth in Britain

  - they feel like they don't fit in the white mainstream culture
• Burdsey


  Studied young British Asian footballers and found that they were strongly influenced by White and Black teammates. In particular their identities were focused around designer clothing, and using alcohol and recreational drugs. Their ethnic identity was seen as a lower priority than their identity as a footballer and their main priority was fitting in with the football community.
• gill


  - hybrid identities are created by individuals from one ethnic group borrowing aspects of culture from another, using these to create new identities
• Gillepsie


  - 14-18 year old punjabs in south hall in London found that they used media to define their own ethnicity (comparing themselves to characters in Indian soaps)
• Moodood et al


  - 2/5 people born to an African Caribbean parent also had a white parent

  - when in the uk they identified as British and when not they identified as African Caribbean
• Back


  Study into working class neighbours and found that white racism was still prevalent
• Hewitt


  White backlash against multiculturalism (positive discrimination)
• Sardar


  - Global identity crisis

  - a struggle to find an English identity
• Kumar


  The English find it difficult to say who they are, English identity has weakened
• A.H Halsey


  - Americanisation

  - globalisation has added to the process of breaking down national boundaries
• Stuart hall


  Society's react to globalisation in 3 different ways

  - cultural resistance

  - cultural hybridity

  - cultural homogenisation
• Quinn


  Same sex marriage between 2 males and one being the 'wife' and more feminine whereas the other being the 'husband' and more dominant
• Rich


  Argues that lesbian identity has been written out of existence and considered as abnormal since it was a threat to male dominance
• McIntosh


  Once a male has accepted their identity as 'homosexual' he will start to forfill these expectations and labels created
• Weeks


  Points out how not many would say 'I am heterosexual' about identity in relation to 'I am gay' which makes a statement about your belonging
• Plummer


  Where a male will seek others to join a subculture in which homosexual characteristics become a norm