cells

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Passageway for transport of materials within the cell Synthesis of lipids
• Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis
• Proteasomes - Site of destruction (digestion) of misfolded or damaged proteins; the amino acids may be recycled
• Proteasomes - • Site of destruction (digestion) of misfolded or damaged proteins; the amino acids may be recycled
• Golgi apparatus - Synthesis of carbohydrates • Packaging of materials for secretion from the cell
• Mitochondria - Site of aerobic cell respiration—production of ATP and heat. Contain their own DNA (mtDNA): 37 genes
• Lysosomes - Containers for enzymes that digest ingested foreign material (such as bacteria) or digest and recycle damaged tissue or cellular parts (autophagy)
• Centrioles- Organizer of the spindle fibers for the distribution of chromosomes during cell division
• Cilia - Motile cilia sweep materials across the cell surface. • A sensory or primary cilium detects chemical or mechanical signals from other cells or the tissue environment.
• Flagellum - Long appendage that enables a cell to move (sperm cells)
• Microvilli - Folds of the cell membrane that increase a cell’s surface area for absorption
• Cytoskeleton - • Protein microfilaments that give shape to a cell, support the membrane and microvilli, and provide for attachment and movement
• Diffusion - Movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
• Osmosis - The diffusion of water
• Facilitated diffusion - Transporters and carrier enzymes move molecules across cell membranes
• Active transport - Movement of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration (requires ATP)
• Filtration - Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (blood pressure)
• Phagocytosis - A moving cell engulfs something.
• Pinocytosis - A stationary cell engulfs something.
• Prophase

  1. The chromosomes coil up and become visible as short rods. Each chromosome is really two chromatids (original DNA plus its copy) still attached at a region called the centromere.

  2. The nuclear membrane disappears. 3. The centrioles move toward opposite poles of the cell and organize the spindle fibers, which extend across the equator of the cell
• Metaphase 1. The pairs of chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. The centromere of each pair is attached to a spindle fiber. 2. The centromeres now divide
• Anaphase 1. Each chromatid is now considered a separate chromosome; there are two complete and separate sets. 2. The spindle fibers contract and pull the chromosomes, with one set pulled toward each pole of the cell
• Telophase 1. The sets of chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and become indistinct as their DNA uncoils to form chromatin. 2. A nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes
• Cytokinesis 1. The cytoplasm divides; new cell membrane is formed.