c1

• Particle


  Smallest piece of matter
• Atom


  Smallest, indivisible particle
• Molecule


  Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• Compound


  Two or more elements chemically joined together
• Ion


  Charged atom that has gained or donated electron
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration
• Solid


  • Fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Particles in regular pattern
  • Particles touching
  • Particles vibrate only
• Liquid


  • Not fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Particles in irregular pattern
  • Some particles touching
  • Particles in random motion
• Gas


  • Not fixed shape
  • Not fixed volume
  • Particles in random pattern
  • No particles touching
  • Particles in random motion

  
• Both liquids and gases take the shape of their container because their particles have random movement
• Liquids have fixed volume because their particles have some intermolecular forces between them

  
• Gases do not have fixed volume because their particles do not have intermolecular forces between them
• Heating curve


  Graph showing changes in state for a pure substance as it is heated

  
• Cooling curve


  Graph showing changes in state for a pure substance as it is cooled

  
• Determining state using melting & boiling points

  1. Draw a line between melting and boiling points

  2. Identify where the given temperature falls on the line

  3. Determine the state based on where the temperature falls

  
• Substance X has melting point of 0°C and boiling point of 100°C. At 2°C, it is a liquid
• Substance C has melting point of 34°C and boiling point of 156°C. At 28°C, it is a solid
• Brownian motion


  Random movement of particles, discovered by botanist Robert Brown
• Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of gas particles, causing them to move faster
• Increasing pressure on a gas increases the number of collisions between particles and the container, increasing the pressure
• Compressing a gas reduces the space between particles
• Higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion because particles have more kinetic energy and collide more
• Lighter molecules diffuse faster than heavier molecules because they have more kinetic energy
• Calculating molecular mass: CH4 = 16, NaOH = 40, CO2 = 44
• Nitrogen molecules are lighter than chlorine molecules, so nitrogen moves faster
• Particle


  Smallest piece of matter
• Atom

  Smallest, indivisible particle
• Molecule


  Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• Compound

  Two or more elements chemically joined together
• Ion


  Charged atom that has gained or donated electron
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration
• Solid


  • Fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Particles in regular pattern
  • Particles touching
  • Particles vibrate only
• Liquid


  • Not fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Particles in irregular pattern
  • Some particles touching
  • Particles in random motion
• Gas


  • Not fixed shape
  • Not fixed volume
  • Particles in random pattern
  • No particles touching
  • Particles in random motion

  
• Both liquids and gases take the shape of their container because their particles have random movement
• Liquids have fixed volume because their particles have some intermolecular forces between them
• Gases do not have fixed volume because their particles do not have intermolecular forces between them

  
• Heating curve


  Graph showing changes in state of a pure substance as it is heated

  
• Cooling curve


  Graph showing changes in state of a pure substance as it is cooled

  
• Determining state using melting & boiling points

  1. Draw a line between melting point and boiling point

  2. Identify where the temperature falls on the line to determine the state