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Cards (100)

  • "iatry" refers to the medical treatment
  • "ology" refers to the study of a topic
  • Psychiatrists and Psychologists : Both experts in mental health and conducts psychotherapy
  • Psychiatrists - assess both mental and physical aspects of psychological problems
  • Psychologists - Extensive training in research and clinical practice
  • Clinical assessment - collecting information and drawing conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews to determine the person’s problem and the presenting symptoms
  • Clinical diagnosis - Before starting any type of treatment, the client/patient must be clearly diagnosed with a mental disorder.
  • Clinical diagnosis - is the process of using assessment data to determine if the pattern of symptoms the person presents with is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder outlined in an established classification system
  • Receiving a diagnosis does not necessarily mean the person requires treatment.
  • A patient may not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis but demonstrate a clear need for treatment or care, nonetheless.
  • Practice and research conducted by clinical psychologists focus on abnormality, or known as mental disorders
  • A simple framework to intuitively understand what may constitute a mental illness is the 5Ds.
  • 5Ds - Deviation, Duration, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger.
  • Deviation- Significant deviation from the individual's baseline state and what is deemed "normal" in the overall community.
  • Duration - We know that our moods and behaviors fluctuate constantly, moment to moment. However, if the change in mood is persistent and pervasive, it is concerning.
  • Dysfunctional - We all have multiple roles in our life, and each role has its own set of obligations and duties that we may struggle with at first, but eventually embrace and master as we successfully negotiate role transitions
  • Distress- The symptoms should be uncomfortable, irritating, and cause pain for the person.
    • this is not always the case
  • Danger - These are safety risks worth considering during a psychological evaluation.
  • Classification systems provide mental health professionals with an agreed-upon list of disorders falling into distinct categories for which there are clear descriptions and criteria for making a diagnosis.
  • The ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) - lists many types of diseases and disorders to include Mental, Behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
  • In DSM-5, mental disorder is defined as a “clinically significant disturbance”
  • Abnormality - In “cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior” that indicates a “dysfunction” in “mental functioning” that is “usually associated with significant distress or disability” in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
  • The most widely used classification system in the United States is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
  • Before the DSM:
    Hippocrates (460–377 BCE) wrote extensively about abnormality, but unlike most of his predecessors, he did not offer supernatural explanations such as possession by demons or gods. Instead, his theories of abnormality emphasizes natural cause
  • Birth of DSM:
    Emile Kraepelin have resulted in his reputation as a founding
    father of the current diagnostic system.
  • DSM—Earlier Editions (I and II):
    Three broad categories of disorders: psychoses (which would contain today’s schizophrenia), neuroses (which would contain today’s major depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders), and character disorders (which would contain today’s personality disorders
  • Earlier Editions:
    Definitions of disorders in DSM-I and DSM-II were not scientifically or empirically based
  • DSM—Earlier Editions (I and II) :
    DSM-I and DSM-II were not lists of specific symptoms or criteria; instead, they were simply prose, typically one paragraph per dis order, offering relatively vague descriptions of clinical conditions.
  • DSM-5 Classification System of Mental Disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders - A group of conditions that arise in the developmental period and include intellectual disability, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, specific learning disorder, motor disorders, and ADH
  • 1889—Congress of Mental Science adopted a classification system in Paris
  • 1948—World Health Organization developed a classification system.
  • 1952 — American Psychiatric Association developed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
  • 1968 — developed DSM-II
  • 1980 — DSM-III (Major change in diagnostic criteria)
    – Explicit diagnostic criteria for mental disorders was introduced
    – Use of a multi-axial system of diagnosis
    – Descriptive diagnostic approach (neutral to etiology theories)
    – Greater focus on clinical utility of diagnostic system
  • 1987 — DSM-III-R
  • 1994 — DSM-IV; published an additional DSM for children aged 0-31
  • 2000 — DSM-IV-TR
  • 2013 — DSM-V
  • Changes made in DSM-IV-TR was based far more on empirical data than was previous versions