CPH

• Health promotion


  Any combination of health education and related organizational, economic and environmental supports for behavior of individuals, groups or communities conducive to health
• Health protection


  Behaviors engaged in with the specific intent to prevent disease, to detect disease in the early stages, or to maximize health within the constraints of disease
• Health protection


  • Immunization
  • Cervical cancer screening
• Risk


  The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame
• Risk factor


  An exposure that is associated with a disease
• 3 criteria for establishing a risk factor

  • The frequency of the disease varies by category, or amount of the factor
  • The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease
  • The association concern must not be due to any source of error
• Other criteria by Friis and Sellers (2004)


  • Strength of the association
  • Consistency with repetition
  • Specificity
  • Plausibility
• Risk assessment


  1. Hazard identification

  2. Risk description

  3. Exposure assessment

  4. Risk estimation
• Health


  Directly related to the activities we participate in, the food we eat, and the substances to which we are exposed daily
• Health


  Gender, age, genetic make-up, and environment impact health
• Modifiable risk factors


  Aspects of health risk over which an individual has some control
• Modifiable risk factors


  • Smoking
  • Sedentary or active lifestyle
  • Type and amount of food eaten
  • Type of activities engaged in
• Nonmodifiable risk factors


  Aspects of risk over which one has little or no control
• Risk reduction


  A proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health
• Risk communication


  The process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health
• Health risk sources


  • Health care professionals
  • Internet
  • Newspapers, periodicals, radio, TV, billboards
• The purpose of these sources is information dissemination so that people can participate in risk reduction, but risk communication is affected by the way individuals and communities perceive, process, and act on their understanding of risk
• Diet


  One of the most modifiable of risk factors
• A healthy diet contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and some cancers
• The problem of being overweight and obese in the country is alarmingly increasing in number, affecting about 7 out of 10 women and about 1 out of 10 men
• Obesity affecting Filipino adults

  Known as the android or apple-shaped type, where abdominal fat accumulation is measured using waist-to-hip ratio
• Waist-to-hip ratio recommended by the WHO is considered a sensitive measure for risk to cardiovascular diseases, with ≥ 1.0 in men or ≥ 0.85 in women considered android or apple-shaped obese
• An individual's body weight is determined by a complex interplay among metabolism, genetics, behavior, environment, culture, and socioeconomic status, making the problem of being overweight a difficult one to study and to impact
• Reasons why people engage in physical activity

  • To achieve weight management
  • Increased energy
  • Better appearance
  • To fit into favorite clothes
  • To prevent development or worsening of a chronic health condition
  • To manage stress
  • To improve mood and self-esteem
• The physical activity of Filipino adults aged 20 years and above is low, with about 92.7% having low leisure-related physical activity, 94.5% having low travel-related physical activity, 75.4% having low nonwork-related physical activity, and 76.3% having low work-related physical activity
• Criteria used by Clean Air Asia to rate Asian cities for suitability for walking

  • Walking path modal conflict
  • Availability of walking paths
  • Availability of crossings
  • Grade crossing safety
  • Motorist behavior
  • Amenities
  • Disability infrastructure
  • Obstructions
  • Security from crime
• Sleep


  An essential component of chronic disease prevention and health promotion
• Sleep needs by age

  • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5-18 hours
  • Infants (3-11 months): 9-12 hours during night and day
  • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12-14 hours
  • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11-13 hours
  • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10-11 hours
  • Teens (11-17 years): 8.5-9.25 hours
  • Adults and older adults: 7-9 hours
• Sleep regulation


  Regulated by the number of hours we are awake and the circadian biological clock in the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which responds to light
• Sleep hygiene practices


  • Avoid caffeine and nicotine close to bedtime
  • Avoid alcohol as it can cause sleep disruptions
  • Retire and get up at the same time every day
  • Exercise regularly, but finish all exercise and vigorous activity at least 3 hours before bedtime
  • Establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine
  • Create a dark, quiet, cool sleep environment
  • Use the bed for sleep only; do not read, listen to music, or watch TV in bed
  • Avoid large meals before bedtime
• Smoking cessation


  An important step in achieving optimum health
• The economic impact of smoking is estimated at 1-2% of GDP spent for tobacco-related disease, loss productivity and death
• Prevalence rate of smoking (age 15 and older) is 28% (48% male and 9% female)
• Smoking cessation aids


  • Nicotine replacement
  • Pharmaceutical alternatives
  • Hypnosis
  • Acupuncture
• Alcohol consumption


  The most commonly abused drug
• In 2003-2005, consumption of alcohol by Filipinos age 15 years and older was estimated at 6.4 liters per capita, with drinkers having a per capita consumption of 17 liters (male drinkers 19 liters, female drinkers 10.9 liters)
• A drink


  The amount of any alcoholic beverage that delivers half-ounce (around 15 mL) of pure ethanol, which is equivalent to 4-5 ounces (around 120-150 mL) of wine, 10 ounces (around 300 mL) of cooler, 12 ounces (around 360 mL) of beer, or 1.25 ounces (around 40 mL) of distilled liquor (80 proof of whisky, scotch, rum, or vodka)
• The liver can process about half-ounce of pure ethanol per hour
• Withdrawal symptoms


  Anxiety, increased appetite, irritability, and difficulty concentrating
• Smoking cessation methods


  • Nicotine replacement
  • Pharmaceutical alternatives
  • Hypnosis
  • Acupuncture