SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  • claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  • Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  • It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned.
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  • The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  • Scientific Revolution was the GOLDEN AGE for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions O who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.
• Nicolaus Copernicus


  A Renaissance figure in science who challenged unchanged knowledge about the universe since Ancient Greece until the Renaissance Period
• Copernicus


  • Used thought experiments like ancient Greek philosophers, not extensive observation or experimentation
  • Was a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland but had time to pursue astronomy
  • Was influenced by Johannes Mueller's book "Epitome" published in 1496
  • Developed his heliocentric model of the universe by 1510 and shared a summary with close friends in "Commentariolus"
  • Was not evidently concerned about Church persecution when considering formally publishing his ideas
  • Published "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" in 1543, marking the start of the scientific revolution
• Copernicus's model


  • Placed the sun at the center with planets orbiting it, including the Earth orbiting the sun annually while the moon orbited the Earth
  • Categorized planetary motion based on their orbits relative to the sun, from Venus and Mercury inside Earth's orbit to Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn outside
  • Organized planets by their orbital periods around the sun, from shortest (Mercury) to longest (Saturn)
• One challenge in Copernicus's model was explaining the position of stars, which couldn't be fixed like crystals on a distant sphere
• Charles Darwin


  Renowned for his theory of evolution, which transformed our understanding of the world's creation and development
• Charles Darwin


  • Hailed from a lineage of intellectually gifted and affluent individuals
  • Fostered his interest in natural history during his education at Shrewsbury School
  • Considered a mediocre student and struggled in his studies of medicine and ministry, imposed by his father
• Charles Darwin's life


  A professor recommended him for a five-year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands
• Darwin published "The Origin of Species"


  1859
• "The Origin of Species"


  A pivotal work in scientific literature presenting extensive evidence for species evolution and adaptation
• Charles Darwin


  • His exceptional observational skills extended beyond plants and animals to humans
  • Evident in his controversial work "The Descent of Man," challenging religious views of human creation
• Charles Darwin's contributions


  • Spanned evolutionary biology and the philosophy of science
  • Reflecting his courage in challenging prevailing religious and unscientific beliefs
• Darwin's scientific approach emphasized evidence-based methods, promoting observation and experimentation as fundamental to scientific inquiry
• Sigmund Freud


  A renowned figure in psychology, known for his significant contributions to the field and for raising awareness of psychological matters
• Freud's psychoanalysis


  • An observational approach aimed at studying the human inner life and neurotic illness
  • Became a fundamental tool in understanding human nature
• Despite academic controversies, Freud's psychoanalytic method revolutionized the scientific study of the human mind and had a profound impact on understanding human behavior
• Freud's unconventional approach


  • Focused on human sexuality and darker aspects of human nature
  • Challenging traditional views and sparking debate among scholars and the public
• Born after the scientific revolution, Freud's influence extended beyond psychology to art, literature, philosophy, politics, and psychotherapy, blurring the line between psychologist and scientist
• Freud's ideas continue to inspire and shape modern scientific approaches to examining the human mind and behavior