Geog

• Weathering

  The breakdown of rocks where they are
• Erosion


  The process by which rocks are broken down and moved by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves etc.
• Mass movement


  Material moves down a slope either in a straight line (a slide) or with rotation (a slump)
• Mass movement is more likely to happen if the material is very wet, as the water acts as a lubricant
• Terms to match to definitions

  • Hydraulic action
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Solution
  • Mechanical weathering
  • Chemical weathering
  • Mass movement
• Hydraulic action


  Waves trap air in joints and cracks in the rock, putting pressure on the rock and over time it breaks up
• Abrasion


  Bits of sand and rock in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper
• Attrition


  Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, causing them to become smaller and rounder
• Solution


  Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk and limestone
• Mechanical weathering


  The breakdown of rock without a change in chemical composition, freeze-thaw is the most important in coastal areas
• Chemical weathering


  The breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions, carbonation happens in coastal areas
• Mass movement


  The shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope, e.g. a cliff, happens when the force of gravity is greater than the supporting forces
• Dry desert climates receive less than 250mm rainfall per annum and experience extreme temperature variations between day and night.
• Tropical climates have high temperatures all year round with little seasonal variation.
• The main types of climate are tropical, dry desert, Mediterranean, humid subtropical, marine west coast, mid-latitude, continental, polar
• Tropical wet climate receives more than 1750 mm rainfall annually with no dry season. The average annual temperature is above 24°C.
• Mediterranean climates are hot dry summers and mild wet winters.
• Monsoon climates have distinct wet and dry seasons.
• Climate zones can be identified using Köppen's classification system based on average annual precipitation and temperature
• Climate zones can be identified using Köppen's classification system based on average annual precipitation and temperature
• Mediterranean climate has hot summers and mild winters with little or no snow. It experiences drought during summer months but receives over 600 mm rainfall annually.
• Mediterranean climate has hot summers and mild winters with little or no snow. It experiences drought during summer months but receives over 600 mm rainfall annually.
• Mediterranean climate has hot summers and mild winters with little or no snow. It experiences drought during summer months but receives over 600 mm rainfall annually.
• Polar climates have very low temperatures throughout the year.
• Global warming refers to an increase in global mean surface temperature due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation
• Monsoon climate has distinct wet and dry seasons. During winter it is cool and dry while summer brings heavy rains.
• Continental climates have large diurnal (day/night) and seasonal temperature ranges.
• Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun within Earth's atmosphere, leading to increased temperatures and potential impacts on ecosystems and societies
• Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air at any given time.
• Humid subtropical climates have warm to hot summers and cooler winters.
• Tropical wet climates are found near the equator, where there is high humidity and heavy rainfall all year round.
• Tropical Rainforest Climates occur near the equator, where temperatures remain constant throughout the year (25°C). They receive high levels of rainfall all year round (over 1750mm per annum) due to their location within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is an area of low pressure that moves north and south of the equator as the Earth rotates.
• Temperate oceanic climates occur in areas that receive consistent moisture from nearby oceans, resulting in moderate temperatures and abundant rainfall.
• Relative Humidity measures how much moisture is currently in the atmosphere compared to what it could hold.
• Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, causing Earth's atmosphere to warm up
• GDP per capita


  A measure of economic development
• Figure 1 shows data for three countries at different levels of development
• The United Kingdom has a GDP per capita of $42,000, an infant mortality rate of 4 per 1000, and 2.7 doctors per 1000 population
• Brazil has a GDP per capita of $12,000, an infant mortality rate of 12 per 1000, and 1.8 doctors per 1000 population
• Malawi has a GDP per capita of $250, an infant mortality rate of 44 per 1000, and 0.1 doctors per 1000 population