Science

• Aerated concrete blocks are used to build infill wall, which provides excellent insulation and reduces heat loss, regulating the temperature inside of a building.
• Pre-stressed reinforced concrete slabs have a high load bearing capacity which means they can withstand live and dead load easily, so you won’t have to worry about it brittling.
• Step-down Transformers is a device that reduces the voltage from a higher level to a lower level. It’s commonly used in electrical systems to provide power to devices that requires lower voltage.
• Galvanised steel is zinc coated to prevent it from rusting as quickly as it would.
• Steel columns can fail due to compressive forces exceeding its electrical buckling load.
• Electric motors use electromagnetism to generate rotational force
• Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride advantages

  They are highly and resistant to moisture which means they have a longer lifespan
• Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride advantages?


  They are easy to clean which means they require less maintenance.
• How is Electricity is generated at a power station to consumer?

  Electricity is generated at a power station travels through transmission lines and is distributed to consumers.
• How can reinforced concrete foundations degrade over the lifespan?

  Foundation can degrade due to various reasons like moisture, temperature changes and the structural stress can cause cracks in the concrete.
• How can reinforced concrete degrade over its lifespan?

  Lack of maintenance can cause the foundations to degrade overtime which can reduce its life.
• How to reduce further decay in timber?

  You could apply a wood preservative, which would protect it from fungi and insect.
• Describe the concept of heat conduction?

  Heat conduction is the process by which heat is transferred through direct contact between particles. When a higher energy particle comes into contact with a particle with lower energy it causes the heat to spread.
• Tensile strength


  Maximum strength a material can bear before its breaking point
• Compressive strength


  Capacity of concrete to withstand loads before failure
• Shear strength


  Force acting in a direction that's parallel to a surface
• Bending strength


  Ability of a material to be able to withstand bending
• Brittle


  A material that can easily be snapped
• Workability


  Different types of materials being more capable of functioning effectively
• Stiffness


  Resistance to deformation
• Fatigue failure


  Material or structure fails due to repeated loading
• Creep failure


  Permanent deformation of a material under constant load
• Buckling failure


  Material bending due to force
• Isolation bearing- reduces vibration between a buiding foundations as ground moves ensuring stability
• storm surgeons- reduces the impact on an object when it hits something else, reducing damage
• storm surgeon's - are the abnormal rises of water generated by a storm, above the predicted astronomical tides.-marine damage

  -structural damage
• Sea wall- is a structure the is built along coastlines to protect land from the erosive forces of the sea
• disadvantages of sea wall

  • Potentially have a negative impact on the coastline ecosystem.
  • Reflecting wave energy to neighbouring area.
• moving Flood barrier is a defence system that can

  be deployed to protect against rising water levels during floods.
• Moving flood barrier advantage

  • it’s flexible to move
  • offers quick response to changing flood condition.
• Moving flood barriers disadvantages

  • need timely deployment to be effective in flood situation.
  • requires lots of maintenance.
• Closure dam


  uses its weight and force of gravity to hold back water.

  • built with concrete and masonry
• Closure dam advantage

  • have long life span
  • requires less maintenance
• Closure dam Disadvantages 


  Requires specific geological conditions to be effective whe built.
• A + B engineering bricks are used in sewers and manholes as they are frost and acid resistant.
• Facing bricks are:

  used in external walls

  designed stronger

  durable and versatile
• Common bricks are used in internal walls, filling in gaps as they have low compressive strength
• Engineering bricks are used in fireplaces because they can withstand high temperatures
• Sharp sand is coarse sand with large grains and is used for concrete and flooring slalbs
• Building sand is fine sand