Body systems

• Anatomy


  (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts
• Physiology


  The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system
• Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function
• Levels of organization of the human body

  • Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • System level
  • Organismal level
• Chemical level


  The simplest building blocks: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules
• Cellular level


  The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism
• Tissue level


  A group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ level


  An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, each performing one or more specific physiological functions
• System level


  A group of related organs that have a common function
• Organismal level


  The largest level of organization, where all the systems of the body combine to make up an organism
• Organ systems of the human body

  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
• Molecule


  Two or more atoms joined together
• The integumentary, digestive, and urinary systems are involved in eliminating wastes
• Important life processes of humans

  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
• Movement can occur within an individual cell, within individual organs, and in the entire body
• Homeostasis


  The maintenance of relatively stable conditions, ensuring the body's internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
• Homeostatic feedback systems


  • The nervous system detects changes from the balanced state and sends nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change
  • The endocrine system corrects changes by secreting hormones into the blood
• Cells


  For growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
• 1.4 Understand the importance of homeostatic feedback systems and how imbalances are related to disorders
• Homeostasis


  Maintaining relatively stable conditions, ensuring the body's internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
• Each body system contributes to homeostasis in some way
• Feedback systems


  The body is mainly under the control of the nervous system and the endocrine system
• Feedback system/feedback loop


  1. Condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored or reevaluated

  2. 3 basic components: receptor, control center, effector
• Negative Feedback Systems


  Reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Positive Feedback Systems


  Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
• 1.5. Describe some of the anatomical and physiological changes that occur with aging
• 1.6. Describe the anatomical position and how anatomical terms are used to describe the human body
• Anatomical position


  When the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward
• Prone


  Lying face down
• Supine


  Lying face up
• Directional terms


  Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
• Most of the directional terms used to describe the human body can be grouped into pairs that have opposite meanings
• Superior


  Toward the upper part of the body
• Inferior


  Toward the lower part of the body
• 1.7 Describe major regions, anatomical planes and sections
• Sagittal plane


  Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
• Midsagittal plane


  Sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
• Parasagittal plane


  Sagittal plane that divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
• Frontal/Coronal plane


  Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
• Transverse/Cross-sectional plane


  Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions