MTT

• What was the role of physicians in c1250-1500?

  -Trained at universities in Hippocrates, Galen and Arab medical writers

  -Fewer than 100 in England in 1300

  -Charged high fees
• What was the role of barber surgeons in c1250-1500?


  -Not trained, learned through practice

  -Carried our bloodletting and amputations

  -Also cut hair
• What was the role of apothecaries in c1250-1500?


  -sold herbal remedies

  -cheaper than doctors
• What was the role of hospitals in c1250-1500?


  -ran by monasteries

  -the most ill were not admitted, due to fear of disease spreading
• What were the different ways of treatment in c1250-1500?


  {Purging-swallowing herbs and fat to make the patient sick or take a laxative to empty bowels

  {Blood-letting-done by a surgeon who drew blood out often with leeches

  {Zodiac charts-It was believed the body was linked to the planets and zodiac charts showed doctors when to avoid treating each part of body.
• Who was Hippocrates?


  -Father of medicine

  -Focused on natural causes

  -Born in 460 BC in Ancient Greece

  -Patient was ill if humours out of balance-to be cured, must restore balance.

  -Theory of the fours humours:black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm.

  -Put forward the idea of clinical observation
• Who was Galen?


  -Built upon Hippocrates theory of the 4 humours

  -Theory of opposites-patients must be treated with something opposite to restore the balance

  -Very influential ideas as supported by the Church

  -Not allowed to dissect humans so difficult to disprove him

  -Doctor in Ancient Rome
• When and what was the Black death?


  -Reached England in 1348

  -Spread via rat's fleas, however no one knew this

  -Believed to be a punishment from God, so people would practice self-flagellation

  -Some thought it had an astronomical cause

  -Others thought it was caused by miasma-bad air
• What did the sufferers of the Black Death have?


  -Fever

  -Headache

  -Vomiting

  -Buboes

  Disease developed very quickly
• What were ways of treatment for the Black Death believed?


  -Rubbing chickens on buboes

  -Bathing in urine

  -Self-flagellation

  -Pilgrimage
• What were ways of prevention of the Black Death?


  -Pilgrimage

  -Quarantine
• What was the believed cause of the black death?


  -Miasma

  -Punishment from God

  -Astronomical cause

  Actual cause was from fleas in rats and rodents
• What was the amount of killed from the Black Death?


  -Killed over 20 million people

  -1/3rd of population
• Did any herbal remedies actually work?


  Many remedies actually did help the sick, such as honey and plantain used in cuts which help fight infection.
• Were herbal remedies still used from c1500-c1700?


  -Herbal remedies were still popular, many were written in a book called The Complete Herbal.

  -Healers had more access to travel to access ingredients such as rhubarb and tobacco from Asia and America.
• What happened to hospitals from c1500-c1700?


  -Hospitals were run by monasteries so closed when Henry VIII dissolved them in the 1530's.

  -Hospitals were then run by physicians rather than monks and focused on treatment.
• What was the Royal Society?


  -Founded in 1660 for the government.They wrote the book of philosophical transactions.

  -Sponsored scientists to study physics, astronomy, botany and medicine.

  -Scientists could also verify each others work before being released to the public.
• What was the Printing Press?

  -Invented in c1439

  -Scientists could publish their discoveries.
• Who was Andreas Versalius?


  -Catholic Church forbade human dissection.

  -A judge allowed Vesalius to dissect executed criminals

  -Vesalius used evidence to disprove Galen's theories e.g that the jawbone was made of two bones as this was true for the animals he dissected

  -In 1543, Versalius published 'The fabric of the Human Body'.

  -Demonstrated importance of anatomical knowledge.
• Who was Paracelsus?


  -Swiss doctor in early 1500's

  -Criticised theory of four humours and argued illness was caused and should be treated by chemicals

  -Ideas were rejected
• Who was Thomas Sydenham?


  -English doctor in late 1600's

  -Believed observation was essential-symptoms.

  -Wrote the book 'Observations Medicae', which described how to diagnose disease.
• Who was William Harvey?

  -English doctor born in 1578

  -Carried out dissections on animals and humans

  -Challenged Galen's idea that blood was produced in liver and absorbed by the body

  -Proved heart acted like a pump and blood moved in a one way system around the body

  -Ideas we're not immediately accepted

  -Book of 'An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood'

  -1628-allowed ideas to spread
• What was the Great Plague?


  -Took place in 1665

  -A serious outbreak of plague, and the cause of the spread was still not understood

  -Approximately 75,000 people died from the plague in London

  -Miasma was still a popular belief of the plague

  -Stray animals were killed but this made plague spread faster as cats killed rats.
• What did Chadwick do?


  -In 1842 Chadwick compiled a report on living conditions of poor citizens.

  -Argued there should be organised drainage and refuge collection and clean water.
• What happened in 1848?

  -Outbreak of cholera pressured government to pass Public Health act- but was not compulsory.

  -Second public health act 1875-forced authorities to provide clean water and sewerage systems.
• Who was Louis Pasteur?

  -French chemist and micro-biologist in mid 1800s

  -In 1879 discovered exposing the germ that cause chicken cholera to air, it weakened and injecting this weakened version prevented chickens catching the disease-vaccine.

  -Discovered that bacteria could be killed with heat-pasteurisation

  -Published germ theory in 1861 but spontaneous generation belief still popular.
• What happened in 1847?


  Simpson first used chloroform successfully and was used for childbirth and operations.
• Who was Robert Koch?


  -German doctor and microbiologist in late 1800's

  -Rival of Louis Pasteur

  -Applied Germ theory to prove how bacteria caused disease and identified bacteria that caused anthrax, TB and cholera.

  -Found a way of isolating Bactria making it easier for future scientists

  -Discovered using dyes to stain microbes.
• Who was John Snow?


  -Published 'On the Mode of Communications of cholera' 1849

  -Plotted Cholera outbreak in 1854 in Soho

  -Discovered a water pump was the cause of spread, when pump was removed, spread reduced.

  -However, could not explain why cholera was waterborne.
• Who was Mary Seacole?


  -In 1845, she travelled to England and asked to be sent to Crimea to care for soldiers but was refused

  -Funded her own trip and established the 'British Hostel" to provide care for soldiers

  -In 1857, published 'The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many lands".
• Who was Edward Jenner?


  -Jenner heard milkmaids would not catch smallpox but a milder form of cowpox

  -In 1796, Jenner injected James Phipps with pus from the milkmaids sores, then smallpox- Phipps developed cowpox but not smallpox.

  -Very Influential, Napoleon had French army vaccinated by 1805.
• Who was Florence Nightingale?


  -In 1854, during the Crimean War, she went to Turkey and cared for wounded soldiers.

  -She significantly improved the hygiene in the hospital e.g washing bedding.

  -She also suggested opening windows to circulate air and better quality food.

  -In 1859, wrote 'Notes on Nursing" which was a bestseller.
• What lifestyle can cause disease?


  People understood this better.

  -Smoking

  -Poor diet

  -Alcohol

  -Pollution

  -Stress
• Who has involvement in the discovery of DNA?


  -Franklin,Watson and Crick

  -Mapped out structure of DNA in 1953

  -Which led to better understanding of genetic diseases.
• What was the idea behind magic bullets?


  Magic bullets-idea of killing germs inside the body without harming healthy tissue
• Who came up with magic bullets?

  Ehrlich and Hata tested various substances that could be used to cure a rabbit from syphilis.
• What did Ehrlich and Hata discover?


  They found Salvarsan worked-this was the first magic bullet which went onto the market in 1910.
• What are the 4 key point about the NHS?


  -Booth and Rowntree published reports to demonstrate need for a welfare state.

  -Bevan (minister of health) launched creation of the NHS in 1948

  -Made healthcare free, at the point of delivery

  -Introduced healthy living campaigns like Smokefree and Change4life
• When were blood groups discovered?

  1901 by Karl Landsteiner
• When were X-rays discovered?

  1895 by Rontgen