AW

• What are the buffalo used for?

  The buffalo provided

  -food

  -clothing

  -it was faster than travelling on horseback.
• What was the basic nomadic lifestyle?

  -Tipis were ideal to protect against winds

  -and easily move around.
• What happened to band size?

  Band size would change depending on how much food was available.
• What were children recognised as?

  Highly valued as future of the band.
• What were women recognised as?

  In charge of tipis ,preparing food and getting water, highly valued as bearers.
• What were men recognised as?

  responsible for hunting, protecting band and horses and assessed on abilities as hunters, warriors and horsemen.
• What were elders recognised as?

  Considered important due to advice they could give, sometimes left behind if they were too weak-band survival was more important.
• What were the Plain Indians belief and attitudes about nature?

  Everything in nature has a spirit and they can be contacted through rituals and dances.
• What were the Plain Indians belief and attitudes about property and land?

  All areas are sacred and are for everyone-most land is not owned
• What were the Plain Indians belief and attitudes about war?

  High respect for warriors, tried to avoid fighting as young men were vital to survival of tribes.
• What are 3 points to know about the gold rush?

  1)Gold was discovered in 1848, by James Marshall.

  2)Thousands travelled to California ,by spring 1849 there were 40,000 miners there

  3)Few made their fortune through gold
• What is manifest destiny?

  White settlers saw their culture and religion as more advanced and saw it as their mission to 'civilise' the Plain Indians.
• Why was there lawlessness on the Great Plains?

  1)Racial tensions

  2)Lack of enforcement

  3)New crimes

  4)Prostitution, gambling and alcohol
• What are 3 points to know about the Oregon trail?

  1)Took place in 1836, but was established in 1825 by Jedediah Smith.

  2)Used by thousands to cross from the east to the west,was 3,200km long

  3)Started in Missouri and ended in Oregon City
• What are the 4 points to know about the mormon migration?

  1)Persecuted mostly for their practice of polygamy.

  2)In 1845, their leader was killed and Brigham Young became leader.

  3)They were forced to leave Illinois and migrate to the Great Salt Lake

  4)They were successful in their migration due to planning, leadership and tests.Their migration taking place from 1846 to 1847.
• What are 3 points to know about the Donner Party?

  1)The Donner party of 1846 were travellers going from the east to California.

  2)They were trapped in the mountains and turned to cannibalism to survive.

  3)87 people left for California but only 46 arrived.
• What was the Fort Laramie Treaty?


  -Took place in 1851

  -Agreement that defined clear territories between Indians and US government.

  -Indians allowed migrants through in return for protection and payment from US government in land,"for all time".
• What was the Indian appropriations act?

  -The US government placed Plain Indians into reservations, were they were restricted in 1851.

  -Government paid Plain Indians to give up land desired by the white settlers.

  -Reservations limited the amount of area that Plain Indians could use to hunt buffalo.
• What was the Pacific Railroad Act?

  -Tasked 2 firms to construct the first transcontinental: Central Pacific and Union Pacific in 1862.

  -Government lent each operator £16,000 per mile of the track

  -Voided the rights of Plain Indians land across railroad.

  -First transcontinental railroad was completed in May 1869.
• What was the Homestead Act?

  -The Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing incentives like settlers 160 acres of public land.

  -In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

  -By 1876 homesteaders had claimed over 6 million acres of federal land

  -Some landowners sold their claims for profit, which violated acts's provisions.
• What were problems faced by homesteaders?

  -Lack of timber

  -Hard ,arid land

  -Lack of water

  -Natural disasters

  -Small land holdings

  -Disease

  -Isolation
• What were the ways to overcome the problems fced by the homesteaders?

  -Timber Culture Act 1973-allowed homesteaders to have more land if they planted trees on half of it

  -Mass produced machinery, cultivated land

  -New techniques of dry farming
• What was law and order like from 1862-1876?

  -When a territory reached 60,000 people, it became a state, with its own legal system ,before the federal government was in authority.

  -Federal government established the territory's laws and appointed a government, three judges and a marshal.
• What was Little Crows War?

  -Took place in 1862

  -Crop failure and food promised by the government did not arrive.

  -Little Crow and other stormed agency in 1862 and stole food, burned buildings and killed several US soldiers.

  -Most Santee surrendered, were captured and killed.
• What was the Sand Creek Massacre?

  Took place in 1864

  Crop failure led to starvation of the Cheyenne on Sand Creek reservation.

  Chief Black Kettle led attack on wagon trains and stole food.

  Despite negotiations,Colonial Chivington, conducted a raid, killing more than 150 Indians
• What was the overall impact on Plain Indians living on the West?

  *Railway-disrupted buffalo

  *Cattle-Cattle and buffalo fought for pastures, cattle trails transversed Indian land.

  *Plain Indians were murdered or forced to leave if gold was discovered on their territory.By 1885 Plain Indians lost the right to govern themselves.
• What was Red cloud's war?

  -Took place from 1866-68

  -The Bozeman trail violated the Fort Laramie treaty by passing through hunting grounds of the Sioux

  -Red Cloud (leader of Sioux)-assaulted path travellers

  -Captain William Fetterman and troops were massacred by Sioux in 1866

  -US army then negotiated second Fort Laramie treaty.
• What was the Second Fort Lamarie treaty?

  -Took place in 1868

  -US army closed forts on Bozeman Trail,Sioux agreed not to attack travellers

  -Gave the US power to punish anyone who broke the treaty.
• Who was John Iliff?

  One of the first ranchers to maintain cattle on the Plains.

  He sold meat to mining towns, Indian reservations and railroad employees and became Denver's first millionaire.
• Who were cowboys and what did they do?

  Mostly young, single men, many of which were former soldiers, drifters or criminals on the run.

  Roles included:

  -Driving Cattle from Texas to cow towns

  -Treating sick cattle

  -Protecting cattle from rustlers
• What was the Goodnight-Loving Trail?


  established in 1886 and led to growth of cattle industry through expansion of access.
• Where and when was the first cowtown created?

  In 1867, McCoy created the cow town Abilene by building stockyards and hotels.

  Was ideal location for cattle as there was grassland and water.
• Who was Billy the Kid?


  -Well known criminal known for escaping capture.

  -In 1878, got embroiled in Lincoln Country War and vowed vengeance when his friends were killed.
• Who was Wyatt Earp?


  Local lawman in Wichita.After feuding with the Clintons and McLaurys he and his brother massacred them at OK Corral in 1881.
• What was the Johnson County War 1892?

  -Conflict over the ownership and use of the range

  -Small ranches tensions grew towards larger ranches as they all had power

  -After Winter of 1886,large ranches accused small ranches of stealing cattle

  -The WGSA,planned an invasion of Johnson County and hired 22 gunmen, seeking to kill 70 men.

  -The gunmen shot Nate Champion and locals were outraged

  -The US 6th cavalry arrived and saved them
• What was the Exoduster Movement?

  -Took place in 1879

  -Civil war led to the abolition of slavery

  -Rumour spread that the federal government were giving the state of Kansas to ex-slaves.

  -Triggered migration of 40,000 black Americans to Kansas
• What was the Battle of Little Big horn?


  Took place in 1876-Sioux were granted reserve in South Dakota in Second Fort Laurie treaty,The Us offered to buy it but the Sioux declined.

  -Many Sioux and Cheyenne warriors fled reservations-thick snow made it impossible to return

  -Army Commander Custer and 200 soldiers led attack on the Native Americans, but they were vastly outnumbered and were killed in less than an hour
• What was the Dawes Act?

  -Took place in 1887

  -Plain Indian families were allowed 160 acre homestead from their reservation land

  -Aimed to break up power of tribe

  -Encouraged Native Americans to integrate into white society

  -Would free up land for white settlers
• What was the Wounded knee Massacre?

  -The US cavalry were sent to disarm the Sioux and arrest Big Foot (their leader),some rested and soldiers openly fired.

  -Over 250 Sioux and 25 US soldiers were killed

  -It was the final battle between Sioux and US army.

  -Wounded knee became a symbol of oppression
• What was the Oklahoma Land Rush?


  -Took place in 1893

  -The land in the middle of the plains was not occupied by Indians and the government opened it.

  -Thousands of people rushed to claim land