chemistry paper 1

Cards (71)

  • Atom
    Something that can't be broken down or split into its constituents or smaller bits by chemical means
  • Compound
    Two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together
  • Mixture
    Different types of atoms or compounds not chemically bonded together
  • Chromatography
    Filter paper with a dot of the mixture about a centimeter above the water line, the filter paper is dipped in water, the water gets drawn up the paper due to capillary action and drags particles of the mixture with it, the particles that end up the highest on the paper are the lighter particles
  • RF value
    Retention factor, calculated by doing how far the solute has gone up the paper divided by how far the solvent has gone
  • Filtration
    Removes insoluble particles like sand from water, using filter paper in a funnel
  • Distillation
    Separates a solid from a solvent like salt from water, by heating the mixture or solution so the water evaporates and is then re-condensed using a condenser tube
  • Nucleus
    Contains neutrons and protons in the middle of an atom
  • Electrons
    Orbit around the outside of the nucleus
  • Protons
    Have a charge of +1
  • Electrons
    Have a charge of -1
  • Neutrons
    Have no charge
  • Atoms have to have the same number of protons as electrons so they are neutral
  • Ion
    An atom that has lost or gained electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge
  • Periodic table columns/groups
    • 1 and 2
    • Gap
    • 3 to 8 or 0
  • Group
    Tells you how many electrons are in the outer shell
  • Period
    Tells you how many shells of electrons an element has
  • Periodic table regions
    • Metals to the left of the staircase
    • Nonmetals to the right of the staircase
    • Transition metals in the middle
  • Alkali metals

    Group 1, get more reactive as you go down the group
  • Halogens
    Group 7, get less reactive as you go down the group
  • Noble gases
    Group 8 or 0, very unreactive
  • Atomic number

    Number of protons in the nucleus
  • Mass number

    Number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
  • Electron shell filling
    2, 8, 8, 2
  • We only really care about the first 20 elements on the periodic table
  • Ionic bonding
    Metals bond to nonmetals by donating electrons, forming positive and negative ions
  • Ionic compound
    • Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
  • Dot and cross diagram for ionic bonding
    Metal has an empty outer shell, nonmetal has crosses for electrons and adds a dot from the metal
  • Ionic compounds
    • Have high melting and boiling points, are soluble in water, can conduct electricity when molten or in solution
  • Covalent bonding
    Nonmetals bond to other nonmetals by sharing electrons to get a full outer shell
  • Simple covalent compound
    • Methane (CH4)
  • Dot and cross diagram for covalent bonding
    Draw the outer shells and show the shared electron pairs in the bonds
  • Double covalent bond
    Two pairs of shared electrons between atoms
  • Giant covalent structures
    • Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, nanotubes
  • Metallic bonding
    Atoms form a lattice with delocalized electrons surrounding the positive ions
  • Polymer
    Long chain formed by joining together many individual molecules called monomers
  • Polymer
    • Polyethene
  • To make a polymer, high pressure and a catalyst are needed to force the monomers together
  • First put the elements in weight order, didn't have a table
    John Dalton
  • Grouped elements with similar properties, found every 8th element had similar properties
    Newlands