RDT 102

• Basic Image Processing


  Deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhance the raw medical data for the purpose of selective visualization as well as further analysis
• Quality Evaluation


  Plays an important role in assessing any new hardware, software, image acquisition techniques, image reconstruction or post-processing algorithms
• Pre-medical Image Processing


  A technique that not only removes unwanted artifacts from the medical image but also enhances the required portion
• Post-Medical Image Processing


  Advanced post-processing describes the manipulation of radiographic images to derive additional data
• 2D Fourier Projection Theorem


  A 2D X-ray image contains all the information needed to reconstruct the 3D structure of an object
• Algebraic Reconstruction Method


  A technique used to reconstruct images from CT Scan data by solving a system of equations based on the physical properties of the imaging process
• Filtered Back-Projection Method


  Involves applying a filter to X-ray data and then reconstructing an image by back-projecting the filtered data onto a plane, allowing for the creation of detailed images from CT scans
• 3D


  Creating a three-dimensional representation of an object from a dataset acquired through radiographic imaging, allowing for visualization and analysis of the object from multiple angles and perspectives
• Trend in 3D reconstruction


  • Analytic Approach
  • Iterative approach
• Histogram


  A graphical representation of the distribution of pixel brightness values within an image, showing the frequency of occurrence of different brightness levels
• Nyquist Theorem


  To accurately capture and represent an analog X-ray signal digitally, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal
• Aliasing


  Occurs when the digital representation of the X-ray image doesn't accurately reflect the true appearance of the imaged object, especially in areas with high spatial frequency content
• Automatic Rescaling


  Enhances diagnostic accuracy and efficiency by providing consistently optimized images for interpretation, and reduces the need for manual adjustments by radiographers
• Look-Up Table (LUT)


  A set of predetermined values used to map the grayscale levels of a digital X-ray image to specific brightness and contrast levels for display
• Image Noise


  Random variations in pixel brightness or density that are not representative of the actual anatomy being imaged, which can obscure fine details and reduce image quality and diagnostic value
• Spatial Resolution


  The ability of the imaging system to distinguish between small details or structures in the imaged object, a measure of the system's ability to capture and represent fine spatial details
• Density


  The degree of blackening on the film or the brightness of a digital image, corresponding to the amount of X-ray exposure received by the detector or film
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)


  Compares the level of the signal (useful information) to the level of background noise, a higher SNR indicates a stronger signal relative to noise and generally corresponds to better image quality
• Fourier Transform Pair


  Allows radiographers and image processing specialists to analyze the frequency content of radiographic images, enabling tasks such as image enhancement, noise reduction, and feature extraction
• Point Spread Function (PSF)


  Describes the response of an imaging system to a point source of radiation, characterizing how the system blurs or spreads out the signal from a single point in the object being imaged onto the detector
• Line Spread Function (LSF)


  A measure of how an imaging system blurs or spreads out the intensity profile of a thin line or edge object, providing information about the sharpness or blurring of edges in the resulting image
• Edge Spread Function (ESF)


  A measure of how an imaging system responds to an abrupt change in intensity, such as an edge or boundary between two materials with different X-ray attenuation properties, providing information about the sharpness or blurring of edges
• Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)


  A quantitative measure that describes how well an imaging system can reproduce the contrast of an object across different spatial frequencies, used to evaluate the spatial resolution and image quality of radiographic imaging systems
• Local Area Network (LAN)


  A network that connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office building, school, or campus, facilitating communication and resource sharing among computers, printers, servers, and other devices
• Wide Area Network (WAN)


  A network that spans a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs and other networks over long distances, used to facilitate communication and data exchange between devices and users located in different cities, countries, or continents
• Local Area Network (LAN)


  Used to facilitate communication and resource sharing among computers, printers, servers, and other devices within the same physical location. Can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi). Characterized by high data transfer rates and low latency, making them well-suited for tasks such as file sharing, printing, and accessing shared resources.
• Wide Area Network (WAN)


  A network that spans a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs and other networks over long distances. Relies on public or private telecommunications infrastructure to transmit data across long distances. Often have lower data transfer rates and higher latency compared to LANs. Used for tasks such as internet access, inter-office communication, and connecting remote branch locations to a central network.
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network


  Every device in the network has equal status and functionality. Each device can act as both a client and a server, meaning it can both request and provide resources or services to other devices on the network. Decentralized, with no central authority or dedicated server managing the network. Used for tasks such as file sharing, collaborative computing, and distributed computing projects.
• Server/Client-based network


  The network consists of one or more central servers that provide resources or services to client devices. Servers are powerful computers that store data, manage resources, and respond to requests from client devices. Clients are devices that request and use resources or services provided by the server. Commonly used in enterprise networks, where centralized management and control are important for security, administration, and resource allocation.
• Client-based network


  Most of the computing resources and services are hosted and managed on individual client devices rather than centralized servers.
• Server


  Specialized computers that provide centralized services, resources, and data to client devices on the network. Often have more processing power, memory, and storage capacity compared to regular computers. Can fulfill various roles such as file servers, print servers, web servers, email servers, and database servers.
• Thin client


  A lightweight computer or terminal that relies on a server to perform most of its processing and storage tasks. Typically have minimal hardware components and rely on the server to execute applications and manage data. Commonly used in environments where centralized management and resource allocation are important, such as businesses, schools, or public institutions. Offer advantages such as reduced maintenance costs, simplified management, and improved security.
• Thick client


  A computer or device that has its own processing power, memory, and storage capabilities. Unlike thin clients, thick clients can run applications and process data locally without relying heavily on server resources. They may still interact with servers for certain services or data access, but they are more independent compared to thin clients. Commonly used in scenarios where offline operation, high-performance computing, or specialized applications are required.
• Coaxial cable


  Used for various applications in networking, telecommunications, and broadcasting due to its ability to transmit high-frequency signals with low signal loss and interference. Used for TV, Internet Access and Networking.
• Twisted pair wires


  Commonly used for various communication and networking applications due to their reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation. Used for Ethernet networking, security and alarm, and telephone.
• Fiber optic cable


  Used for transmitting data using light signals instead of electrical signals. Offer several advantages over traditional copper cables, including higher bandwidth, longer transmission distances, greater reliability, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
• Network Interface Card (NIC)


  A hardware component that enables a computer or other device to connect to a network.
• Network hub


  A basic networking device that connects multiple network devices together. Operates at the physical layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and is used to create a simple network infrastructure.
• Network switch


  A fundamental networking device that connects multiple devices together within a local area network (LAN). Unlike a hub, which operates at the physical layer and simply forwards data to all connected devices, a switch operates at the data link layer and makes intelligent decisions about how to forward data packets based on their MAC addresses.
• Network bridge


  A device or software component that connects two or more network segments or LANs together, allowing them to communicate with each other as if they were part of the same network.