Physiology poster

• Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP)


  Common term for traumatic condition caused by ruminants ingesting metal or other objects, which then perforate the reticulum
• Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP)


  • Mostly occurs when (dairy) cattle are fed mixed feed that has metal (or plastic) incorporated accidentally
• Hardware disease in cattle is not a straightforward diagnosis
• How traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) occurs

  1. Ruminant swallows a metallic object when feeding, and it enters the reticulum

  2. Due to the reticulum location and object weight, when the rumen contracts, the metal could puncture surrounding organs (ex- heart, spleen, liver)

  3. These punctures can cause infections and fluid leakage
• Good management is critical to prevent traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP)
• Regular veterinary check-up can help identify potential issues early on and provide preventive care
• Gastric juices


  Secreted from the gastric pit
• Gastric pit


  • Can lead to single & more than 1 gastric gland
• Cell types in Gastric gland


  • 3 cell types for Exocrine Gland (Chief cells, Mucous neck cells, Parietal cells)
  • 1 cell type for Endocrine Gland (Enteroendocrine cells)
• Mucous neck cells


  Secrete a mucus to protect other glandular cells from action of proteases and HCl
• Parietal cells


  Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption
• Chief cells


  Secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in the acidic milieu of the stomach
• Enteroendocrine cells


  Secrete serotonin, gastrin, glucagon and somatostanin
• Contents of Gastric Juice

  • Mucus
  • Pepsin
  • Hydrochloric Acid
  • Intrinsic Factor
• Mucus


  • Acts as part of a barrier that protects the stomach wall from the acid and digestive enzymes within the stomach lumen
• Pepsin


  Acts as enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
• Pepsinogen


  Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an inactive zymogen called pepsinogen
• Hydrochloric Acid


  • It breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins
  • The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria
• Intrinsic Factor


  Plays a crucial role in the transportation and absorption of the vital micronutrient vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) by the terminal ileum
• LEMUR


  • Dark blue/purple colour, base is pink
  • Melanin pigments protect from sunlight
  • Thick saliva contains antiseptic properties
  • Grab leaves of tall trees
• Beak


  Picks up food into the mouth
• GIRAFFE


  • Length: 3-4 meters
  • Two-tongued (Main tongue & Sublingua)
  • Shape: Triangular
  • Colour: Whitish (stiff cartilage)
  • Function: Grooming
• Teeth


  Absent thus they cannot chew their food
• Chameleon


  • Ballistic tongue
  • Function: Grab prey in a fraction of a second
  • 3 components: sticky tip, retractor muscles & accelerator muscles
  • Accelerate 97 km/h
• Salivary glands


  Wets the food to make it easier to swallow
• WOODPECKER


  • Papillae: Giant conical papillae (posterior end of the laryngeal)
  • Function: Eating insects like beetle larvae that live within wood
  • Shape: Unusually elongated tongue
  • Length: 5 inches = 12.7cm
• Tongue

  Push the food to the back of the mouth to be swallowed
• Lion

  • Papillae: hard, sharp, hooked and can be bent backward
  • Function: feeding, drinking, grooming socialization, cooling
  • Can reach up to 11 inches
  • Colour: dark pink or purple
  • Limited taste bud
• Penguin

  • Papillae: pronounced keratinised papillae that curve backwards
  • Function: grab onto a slippery fish, food only move in one direction
  • Colour: orange
  • Length: 5 to 7 cm
• Papillae

  "V" shaped papillae to help push food down the oropahrynx and contain taste buds
• Some birds such as chickens are prey animals, so they can't waste time chewing. Instead, they swallow food quickly and store it away in their crop. So they gobble, nibble, store and skedaddle
• Chickens are omnivores. Diet: seeds, grains, insects, worms, fruits, and vegetables. Commercial chickens: formulated feeds
• Carnivores


  • Wide range of diet
  • 60 razor sharp serrated teeth up to 2.5 cm long, points backward to ensure firm grip on prey
  • Hold carcass down with their forelegs
  • Larger Prey: Tear off large chunks of flesh and swallowing it whole
  • Smaller Prey: Swallow prey whole with their loosely articulated jaws, flexible skull, and expandable throat and stomach
• Occasionally Dragons consume humans and human corpses, digging up bodies from shallow graves
• Cattle mouth

  Long & narrow mouth, paired dental pads replace upper incisors
• Parvovirus


  Canine parvovirus type 2 is the pathogen that causes canine parvovirus infection, which is extremely contagious (CPV-2)
• Canine parvovirus


  The disease they produce is known as "parvo"
• Equine


  Relating to horses
• Inflammatory & disruptive mucosal pathophysiological changes

  • Affect mucosal tissues
  • Affect terminal esophagus
  • Affect nonglandular & glandular stomach
  • Affect proximal duodenum
• 25% - 50% of foals (<9 months) have Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS)