Physical Science

• Biomass


  Usually equated with garbage, includes dead trees, branches, yard clippings, left over crops, wood chips, bark, sawdust, tires, and livestock manure
• Landfill gas


  A type of biomass from landfill with decaying waste products (using its given off methane gas), can also be done in animal manure
• Biogas or biofuel


  A fuel gas resulting from biomass, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide; thus lighter in the air
• Biofuels


  • Ethanol - biofuel from corn
• Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil
• Chemical energy


  Can be stored in batteries, when connected in a circuit it can produce electricity, chemical reaction takes place inside the battery if there is a flow of
• Batteries


  • AA, Laptop, Lithium ion, Rechargeable NiCd
• Solar cells


  Also called photovoltaic cells, used in calculators and space crafts, first used in US space satellites
• Fossil fuels


  Buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas and heavy oils exposed to heat and pressure in earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years, 3 major forms: coal, oil and natural gas
• Fossil fuels were formed during the Carboniferous Period, part of Paleozoic Era, Carboniferous was derived from carbon, the basic element for coal and fossil fuels, some coal deposits are dated from the time of dinosaurs
• Geothermal energy


  The source of energy is the internal heat of the earth
• Hydroelectric energy


  The kinetic energy of water is used to generate electricity, high speed water shoots against blades of turbines and rotate at great speeds, which turns generators that produce electricity
• Collision theory


  According to this theory, the rate of chemical reaction is affected by four factors: concentration, particle size, temperature, and catalysts
• Activation energy


  For chemical changes to occur, a certain amount of energy called activation of energy is needed by reactants, the activation energy is the trigger that may cause for a certain substance to change its atomic arrangement or form, thus may result to chemical reaction
• Reaction rate


  The duration when chemical reactions might happen, some takes place at short period of time, while others would proceed as much slower rate, the study of reaction rate is called KINETICS
• If the temperature increased

  The rate of reaction also increases, the molecules become more active due to the increase of temperature, if they are more active, there will be more collisions, the faster also the rate of reaction
• Catalysts


  Used to speed up a reaction, it lowers the activation energy required so that molecules can start to collide with each other, e.g. enzymes
• The more collisions, the faster the rate of chemical reaction
• Substances with higher concentration have more particles available for collision, the more collision, according to collision theory, the faster the rate of reaction
• The particles of reactants must collide at precisely the correct angle and proper amount of energy in order for chemical reaction to occur
• Evidences of chemical reactions

  • Iron rusting
  • Burning wood
  • Metabolism
  • Cooking an egg
  • Baking a cake
  • Melting ice
  • Boiling water
  • Breaking glass
  • Chopping wood
  • Folding paper
  • Breaking egg
• Exothermic processes


  • Making ice cubes
  • Formation of snow in clouds
  • Condensation of rain from water vapor
  • A candle flame
  • Mixing sodium sulfite and bleach
  • Rusting iron
  • Burning sugar
• Endothermic processes


  • Melting ice cubes
  • Conversion of frost to water vapor
  • Evaporation of water
  • Forming a cation from an atom in the gas phase
  • Baking bread
  • Cooking an egg
  • Producing sugar by photosynthesis
  • Separating ion parts
  • Forming ion pairs
  • Combining atoms to make molecule in the gas phase
  • Splitting a gas molecule apart
• CO₂


  Carbon dioxide
• Municipalities


  • Garbage
  • Dead trees
  • Branches
  • Yard clippings
  • Left over crops
  • Wood chips
  • Bark
  • Sawdust
  • Tires
  • Livestock manure
• BIOMASS


  Organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms
• Landfill Gas


  A type of biomass from landfill with decaying waste products (using its given off methane gas)
• Biogas or biofuel


  A fuel gas resulting from biomass, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide; thus lighter in the air
• Biofuel


  • Ethanol from corn
• Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil
• Chemical energy


  Can be stored in batteries and produce electricity when connected in a circuit
• SOLAR CELLS


  Also called photovoltaic cells, used in calculators and space crafts, first used in US space satellites
• Fossil Fuels


  Formed during the Carboniferous Period, part of Paleozoic Era, from carbon, the basic element for coal and fossil fuels, some coal deposits are dated from the time of dinosaurs
• Geothermal Energy


  The source of energy is the internal heat of the earth
• Hydroelectric


  The kinetic energy of water is used to generate electricity, high speed water shoots against blades of turbines and rotate at great speeds, which turns generators that produce electricity
• Sources of Energy


  • Renewable
  • Nonrenewable
• Fossil fuels were formed during the Carboniferous Period, part of Paleozoic Era
• Carboniferous was derived from carbon, the basic element for coal and fossil fuels
• Some coal deposits are dated from the time of dinosaurs
• Particle Size


  Affects the rate of dissolution