BIOL 23 Midterms

• When did Big Bang occur?

  13.8 Billion years old
• When did Earth formed

  4.5 Billion years old
• When did the Earliest life forms exist?

  3.5 Billion years old
• Photo synthetic organism and the first evidence of life

  Cyanobacteria
• Greek word "Hades" meaning hell


  Hadean
• 10 OOLs (Origin of Life)

  • Special Creation/Creationism
  • Panspermia
  • Theory of Spontaneous Origin
  • Abiogenesis
  • Simple Beginning
  • RNA World
  • Chilly Start
  • Deep Sea Vents
  • Community Clay
  • Electric Spark
• Life is created by a Supreme Being

  Special Creation/Creationism
• The emergence of life didn’t occur on Earth but rather it originated elsewhere in space or on a different celestial body and was transported on Earth

  Panspermia
• Life came from non-living things and it’s a common phenomenon

  Theory of Spontaneous Origin
• "Pan" means?

  Everywhere
• "Sperm" means?

  Seed
• He supported the Theory of Spontaneous Origin s in his book “On the Generation of Animals” in 350 B.C

  Aristotle
• He contradicts spontaneous origin and provided evidences to support Biogenesis.

  Louis Pasteur
• "Bio" means?

  Life
• "Genesis" means?

  Origin or Birth
• Life or biomolecules came from inorganic matter.

  Abiogenesis
• 4 Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acid
• assemblage of elements with the Earth’s environment forms biomolecules

  Primordial Soup Theory
• 3 Characteristics of a living cell

  • Information storage and replication
  • Metabolism
  • Darwinian Evolution
• The origin of life could have been initiated through the interactions of smaller molecules in cycling reactions

  Simple Beginning
• Life on Earth started with the formation of RNA molecules that has the ability to self-replicate independently, without assistance from other molecules.

  RNA World
• Ice has the right qualities to support the development of molecules that can copy themselves, change, and evolve. In a way, this align with the RNA hypothesis, as RNA enzymes tend to perform at their best in colder temperatures.

  Chilly Start
• This theory suggests that life arose deep in the ocean within warm, rocky structures called hydrothermal vents

  Deep Sea Vents
• The minerals and organic compounds found within clay layers are conducive to the creation and duplication of biomolecules such as enzymes and polynucleotides

  Community Clay
• Electric sparks have the capability to produce amino acids and sugars when introduced to an atmosphere rich in water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen

  Electric Spark
• Calendar of our planet based on rock formation

  Geologic Time Scale (GTS)
• How do we read rocks?

  Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSPs)
• Longest division of time

  Eons
• Second largest geochronologic time

  Eras
• Basic unit of geologic time

  Period
• Subdivision of a geological period

  Epoch
• What are the Earth's eons?

  Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic
• What are the Earth's eras?

  Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
• What are the Earth's periods? (under Mesozoic and Cenozoic)

  Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary
• Known Epochs?

  Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene
• Formation of Solar system

  4.54 BYA (Hadean)
• Formation of earliest water

  Hadean eon
• Cooling of Primordial earth

  4 BYA (Post-Hadean, Pre-Archean)
• First Prokaryotic life


  3.5 BYA (Archean)
• The Oxygen Holocaust


  2.4-2.0 BYA (Proterozoic)