MODULE 1 Plant Anatomy

• Plant Organelles


  • Chloroplast
  • Larger vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Makes their own energy
• Plasmodesmata


  A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them
• Aquaporins


  Channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells
• Plant Specialized Cells

  • Xylem (made up of tracheids, fiber cells and companion cells, used for the conduction of water around the plant)
  • Phloem
• Dicot Crops


  • Tomatoes
  • Apples
  • Oranges
  • Peas
  • Beans
  • Cucumber
  • Lettuce
  • Magnolias
  • Roses
• Monocot Crops


  • Corn
  • Wheat
  • Maize
  • Rice
  • Ginger
  • Barley
  • Coconut
  • Orchids

  
• Poaceae are the most economically important plant family, for example: maize, wheat, rice, barley
• Brassicaceae is an economically important family, the cabbage family
• Plant Regions

  • Whole Plant
  • Below ground
  • Above ground
• Meristem

  Regions of actively dividing cells that can produce new tissue, found growing at shoot apices in dicotyledons or the bases of leaves in monocotyledons plants
• Plant Tissues and Organs

  • Monocot vs dicot
  • Pathways of absorption
  • Adventitious
• Roots


  • Purpose: to anchor to ground, storage, water absorption, transport, and interaction with other organisms
  • Dicots have a taproot system
  • Monocots have a fibrous root system
  • Majority of absorption occurs at the root tip where the root hair increase the surface area
• Pathways of uptake

  • Appoplastic
  • Symplastic
  • Transverse
• Adventitious roots

  Develop from organs of shoot system, usually to function to prop up plants and support tall stems
• Stems


  • Alternating system of nodes and internodes
  • Tip with apical dominance and terminal bud formation
  • Using resources to grow taller to reach the light
• Specialized Stem Formations

  • Stolons or "runners" (grow along the surface)
  • Tubers (swollen ends of rhizomes)
  • Bulbs (vertical underground shoots swollen at the base of leaves for storage)
• Woody Stems

  • Angiosperm
  • Gymnosperm
• Leaves

  • Main photosynthetic organ in most plants
  • Made up of a blade, petiole (the stalk attached to the stem/branch)
  • Monocots lack petiole, contain a sheath instead
  • Monocot veins are parallel
• Leaf Cross Sections

  • Midrib
  • Vascular tissue
  • Cuticle
  • Upper and lower epidermis
  • Palisade layers
  • Sponge mesophyll
  • Xylem on the top
  • Phloem on the bottom
• Leaf Modifications

  • Water leaf
  • Dry leaf
  • Sun leaf
  • Shade leaf
  • Spines
  • Vines
  • Water storage
  • Colored leaves for pollination
• the Sun leaf is thicker and has a double palisade layer than a shade leaf
• The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit. Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, known as strobili, and the plants lack fruits and flowers.
• • Symplastic: Through the cytoplasm of cells via plasmodesmata.
• • Apoplastic: Outside of cells, along cell walls and spaces.
• • Transmembrane: Across cell membranes, involving both apoplastic and symplastic routes.