INDG 100 Final

• Eliminating reserves would not lead to the elimination of Indian status.  False
• The paternalistic and colonial nature of the administration of Indian affairs, with its resultant exploitation and deprivation of Indian people, will continue until the people and government of Canada recognize the inherent racism of its refusal to recognize Indian rights to self-determination and survival as a people.
• When First Nations signed treaties they never perceived the need or requirement to govern themselves and their homelands in accordance with European customs. This is obvious as the Indian Act demonstrates the Canadian government's resistance to First Nations self-government.
• Most recently, the federal government has considered the Dene Declaration proposal to enter the Dene and their lands into Confederation through negotiations based on the principle of retention of aboriginal rights. False
• The refusal of the Canadian government to recognize that the Dene have the right to their own language and culture and the economic means to sustain such rights is a denial of fundamental human rights.
• The Treaties had promised First Nations that they would not have to fight in the Queen’s wars. True
• When First Nations soldiers came back from fighting in the world wars, they received the same benefits from the Canadian goverment as other returning soldiers, and they were recognized as heros by mainstream Canadian society. False
• The policy of assimilation of the First Nations people into the Euro-Canadian society has been the Indian policy of every government of Canada since Confederation. This is the result of Euro-Canadian racist assumptions that the Indian race and culture are inferior and that the superior race, must civilize the savage and assimilate him into the dominant society.
• The objectives of a policy of 'termination' has been the civilization and assimilation First Nations peoples.
• The focal point of government policy has remained the reserve --that is, "the tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band. 
• In 1969 the Honourable Jean Chretien, minister of Indian affairs and northern development, proposed "new" Indian Policy on behalf of the Liberal government. One of the proposals was that services come through the same channels and from the same government agencies for all Canadians. True
• As a direct result of the white paper proposal, a fund was established in 1969 for Indian economic development. The fund was a loan fund available at conventional rates of interest. Prerequisites for its use required incorporation of the business and a lease surrender for the reserve land on which the business would be situated. The regulations requiring incorporation had the effect of furthering assimilation by imposing a European system of ownership and control.
• In Trudeau's words the choice behind the White Paper was for 'Indians' to become equal before the law or remain apart, not full-fledged citizens. True
• Many Indigenous ceremonies and practices are banned - the potlach is banned in 1884.
• In response to discrimination in the Indian Act, and as a result of the ruling in The Descheneaux Case, in 2017 Bill S-3 was passed. 
• The potlach had already been banned, but in 1895 all Indian festivals, dances or other ceremony are banned.
• Status Indians are finally permitted to vote in 1960.
• Attendance of residential schools is made mandatory in 1920.
• Bill C-31 addressed a number of concerns about inequality within the Indian Act and was passed in 1985.
• From 1914-25 First Nations peoples are not permitted to dance off-reserve. Eventually, dancing is outlawed entirely in 1925.
• The Provinces receive jurisdiction over Indigenous child welfare in 1951.
• Passed in 2011, Bill C-3 further addressed gender equity within the Indian Registration Act.Attendance for industrial schools becomes mandatory in 1894.
• The Indian Act is used to consolidate a number of colonial laws, some of which pre-dated confederation. Introduced in 1876 the government now assumes sweeping powers over Indigenous identity, political structures, governance, cultural practices and education.
• The double mother rule comes into effect in 1951 (revokes a child's status on their 21st birthday).
• It becomes illegal to hire lawyers or bring land claims against the government in 1927 unless First Nations peoples have obtained the governments prior written permission.
• Historical treaties cover Canada in its entirety. False
• The recognition of Aboriginal rights in Canadian law is rooted in the evolution of the common law, which is part of Canada's legal heritage.
• Early Indian treaties tried to develop what kind of relationships between tribes and the government? Peaceful
• In the twentieth century, two world wars continued to ruin the relationships between Indigenous peoples and the government. True
• In the 19th, and early 20th, centuries, western historians disregarded oral history as what? Myths
• 1997 - Delgamuukw v. British Columbia: the Province could not extinguish title if ancestral ties to land could be proven. Earl Muldoe, Gitxsan Hereditary Chief Delgamuukw was the plaintiff.
• After a long battle in 1982, Metis are recognized as one of the three Aboriginal peoples in Canada. 
• The Northwest Territories elect an Aboriginal majority in its Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1975.
• 1972 - Calder v. Attorney General of British Columbia: Nisga’a SCC title was recognized but unsure if provincial jurisdiction extinguished it.
• In order to stop the James Bay hydro-electric power project, the Quebec Indian Association files legal action against the project on northern lands acquired from First Nations in 1972. 
• 1990 - R. v. Sparrow : the court finds that Musqueam, First Nations had an Aboriginal right to fish for food and ceremonial purposes.
• 1996 - R. v. Badger : Natural Resources Transfer Agreement did not extinguish Aboriginal rights to hunt and fish on unoccupied lands
• 1965 - R v. White and Bob was the first case in Canadian common law to recognize the Douglas Treaties as treaties in Canadian law - and came about as a result of two First Nations men in BC hunting out of season. 
• 1985 - R. v. Simon: Mi’kmaq peace and friendship treaty of 1752, and the right to hunt was a treaty right and predated the treaty as an Aboriginal right. 
• In 1973 Jean Chrétien, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, agrees to First Nations' local control of their own education.