Unit 5 AP Psych

• Information-processing model


  1. Encoding

  2. Storage

  3. Retrieval
• Encoding


  Get information in (prepare for storage)
• Storage


  Keep information (rehearsal)
• Retrieval


  Get information back (recall)
• Sensory memory


  Processing everything we sense (everything)
• Iconic memory


  Fleeting visual images
• Echoic memory


  Auditory signals
• Short-term Memory


  Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
• Working Memory


  A newer understanding of a short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
• Long-term Memory


  The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
• Prospective Memory


  Remembering to perform actions in the future
• Retrospective Memory


  Remembering events from the past or previously learned information
• Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)


  Retention independent of conscious recollection; memories located in basal ganglia and cerebellum - Example: muscle memory, riding a bike, Remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notes
• Explicit Memory (declarative)


  Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
• Episodic memories


  The stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall and tell someone
• Semantic memories


  Impersonal memories that are not drawn from personal experience but rather from everyday, common kinds of knowledge ( Names of colors, states, facts)
• Flashbulb memories


  Emotionally intense events that become "burned in" as a vivid-seeming memory
• Memory


  Learning that has continued over time
• Automatic Processing


  Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
• Effortful Processing


  Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
• Deep processing


  Involves elaborative rehearsal along with meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned
• Shallow processing


  Simple memorization of something without attaching meaning to it
• Elaborative rehearsal


  Linking new information with existing memories and knowledge
• Metacognition


  An awareness of our thinking processes and an understanding of what we know
• George Miller - Seven, Plus or Minus Two is considered to be the amount of meaningful information one can hold in STM
• Noam Chomsky is a contemporary psychologist and linguist known his theory of innate grammar
• Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect.
• Wolfgang Kohler - created the idea of insight learning

  Elizabeth Loftus - study eyewitness testimony and memory reconstruction
• Elizabeth Loftus - study eyewitness testimony and memory reconstruction
• Semantic Encoding

  
  

  Using past events or items you have already learned to organize your thoughts and learn new material. Making it RELEVANT to you. 
• Encoding Failure - Ineffective attention given to material
• Storage Decay - Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay
• Relearning - a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

  • Hermann Ebbinghaus - The more times he rehearsed out loud on day 1, the less time he needed to relearn/memorize the same letters on day 2.
  • Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve. Forgetting occurs rapidly and then levels off with time
• Recognition


  Correct identification of previously learned material (example: multiple choice)
• Recall


  Direct retrieval of facts or information (example: FRQ)
• State-dependent memory


  The phenomenon where people remember more information if their physical or mental state is the same at time of encoding and time of recall
• Mood-dependent memory


  Information can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired
• Context dependent memory


  The phenomenon of how much easier it is to retrieve certain memories when the "context," or circumstances around the memory are same for both the original encoding and retrieval
• Priming


  Triggers a thread of associations that bring us to a concept
• Retrieval Failure


  Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be accessed (Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon)