Chapter 6 & 7

• Which type of cartilage is most plentiful in the adult body?

  Hyaline cartilage
• Which of the following accurately describes a key difference between cartilage and bone tissue?

  Cartilage grows in an interstitial manner; bone does not
• Which of the following is a function of red marrow?

  Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
• Which of the following is found within compact bone, but not within spongy bone? Trabeculae, central canal, lamellae, or osteocytes

  The central canal
• Which cell type is found within lacunae of bone?

  Osteocytes
• Which of these structures consists of hyaline cartilage? Red bone marrow, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, or the circumstantial lamellae

  The epiphyseal plate (the epiphyseal plate, commonly called the growth plate, is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. This cartilage is replaced by bone in the epiphyseal line found in adults.)
• Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of?

  Flat bones: flat cranial bones of the skull and the clavicles
• What results from the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Increased blood calcium levels: stimulation of osteoclast activity (in response to a calcium deficiency)
• Bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress is triggered by?

  Osteocytes: produce signals in the affected bone
• The material that initially connects the broken ends of bones together is formed from?

  Collagen fibers
• Osteomalacia


  Osteomalacia and rickets are caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by a vitamin D deficiency
• Rickets


  A childhood condition analogous to osteomalacia (young bones are still growing rapidly, rickets is much more severe)
• Osteoporosis


  • Is strongly influenced by age-related hormonal changes (occurs most often in postmenopausal women with decreased production of estrogen)

  • Refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit (the composition of the matrix remains normal but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light), bones become so fragile
• Paget’s disease


  • Characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption (the newly formed bone: pagetic bone, is hastily made and has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone)

  • The cause is unknown, but may be triggered by viral infection
• All the following are functions of the skeleton except: Attachment for muscles, production of melanin, site of red blood cell formation, or storage of lipids

  Production of melanin
• The axial/appendicular skeleton consists of bones that surround the body’s center of gravity

  Axial
• The axial/appendicular skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

  Appendicular
• The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is: Elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline

  Fibrocartilage
• The shaft of a long bone is known as the epiphysis/diaphysis

  Diaphysis
• The ends of a long bone is known as the epiphysis/diaphysis


  Epiphysis
• The structural unit of compact bone is the: Osteon, canaliculus, lacuna

  Osteon
• Compact/spongy bone looks smooth and homogenous

  Compact
• Compact/spongy bone is light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance

  Spongy
• Bones that are generally thin, with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone

  Flat
• The femur is an example of a(n) of which type of bone?

  Long

  
• A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it are referred to as...

  An osteon

  
• Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development and growth. True or False?

  False (embryonic skeletons consist primarily of hyaline cartilage, not elastic cartilage. When a fetus is born, most of the cartilage has been replaced with bone)

  
• The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, and the: Bony thorax, femur, hip bones, or humerus

  Bony thorax/AKA Thoracic cage (formed by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae)
• Eight bones make up the? Which encloses and protects the brain

  Cranium

  
• How many bones compose the face?

  14
• The seven bones of the neck are called ? vertebrae: Cervical, lumbar, spinal, or thoracic

  Cervical
• The ? vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs: Cervical, lumbar, spinal, or thoracic

  Thoracic

  
• The Coccyx/sternum is commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat bone formed by the fusion of three bones: The manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process

  Sternum

  
• The first seven pairs of the ribs are called flatting ribs because they only have indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum. True or False?

  False (floating ribs are the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs)

  
• A fontanelle


  • Is found only in the fetal skull

  • Is a fibrous membrane

  • Allows for compression of the skull during birth

  
• Function: The facial bones

  • Support the eyes and position them anteriorly

  • Provide attachment sites for facial muscles
• The Pectoral/pelvic girdle attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton

  Pectoral
• The Pectoral/pelvic girdle attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton

  Pelvic
• The arm consists of one long bone, the: Femur, humerus, tibia, or ulna

  Humerus
• The strongest, heaviest bone of the body is in the thigh. It is the: Femur, fibula, or tibia

  Femur