OB Final Exam Review

• Explicit knowledge


  Is easily communicated and available to everyone
• Tacit knowledge


  Only employees learn through experience
• Reinforcement learning


  1. Increase desired behaviours

  2. Decrease unwanted behaviours

  3. Positive

  4. Negative

  5. Punishment

  6. Extinction
• Observation learning


  People can learn through observations of others
• Experience learning


  Learning through experience
• Decision-making problems


  • Limited information
  • Faulty perceptions
  • Faulty attributions
  • Escalation of commitment
• Bounded rationality


  People do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives when making a decision
• Selective perception


  The tendency to see the environment only as it affects them
• Projection bias


  Belief that others think, feel and act the same way they do
• Social identity theory


  People identify with groups and judge others by their group memberships
• Stereotype


  Assumptions are made about others based on their membership in a social group
• Heuristics


  Simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily
• Availability bias


  Tendency to base judgments on information that is easier to recall
• Consensus


  Does the individual act the same as others in the same situation?
• Consistency


  Does the person engage in the behaviour regularly and consistently?
• Distinctiveness


  Does the person engage in the behaviours in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation?
• Fundamental attribution error


  Tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal factors
• Self-serving bias


  The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
• Escalation of commitment


  The decision to continue to follow a failing course of action
• Trust


  The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authorities' actions and intentions
• Justice


  The perceived fairness of an authority's decision-making
• Ethics


  The degree to which the behaviours of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
• Dimensions of justice


  • Distributive justice
  • Procedural justice
  • Interpersonal justice
  • Informational justice
• Distributive justice


  Reflects perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes, gauged by perceived fairness of outcomes such as pay, promotions and assignments
• Procedural justice


  Reflects the perceived fairness of the decision-making process
• Elements of procedural justice

  • Voice
  • Correctability
  • Consistency
  • Bias suppression
  • Representativeness
  • Accuracy
• Interpersonal justice


  Reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities
• Rules for interpersonal justice

  • Respect rule
  • Propriety rule
• Informational justice


  Reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities
• Rules for informational justice

  • Justification rule
  • Truthfulness rule
• Ethical decision-making model


  1. Moral awareness

  2. Moral judgment

  3. Moral intent

  4. Ethical behaviours
• Moral awareness


  Occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance
• Moral intensity


  The degree to which an issue has ethical urgency
• Moral attentiveness


  The degree to which people perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences
• Moral judgment


  Reflects that process people use to find whether a particular course of action is ethical or not
• Moral intent


  Reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action
• Moral identity


  The degree to which people see themselves as a moral person
• Ethical behaviours


  The actual ethical actions taken by an authority
• Communication process model


  1. Information

  2. Sender

  3. Encoding

  4. Message

  5. Decoding

  6. Receiver

  7. Understanding
• Channel


  The medium through which the message travels