GE 109

• R.A 1425


  Also known as Rizal Law, intended to make students aware of the sacrifice and noble ideals and to adhere to the teaching and reflect on the life of the man who gave up his life for his country's freedom
• Nationalism


  Feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions, culture, goals or ideas
• Two major upheavals that influenced the thinking and development of the 19th century


  • American Revolution (1775-1783)
  • French Revolution (1779-1789)
• Liberals


  Believed a country should be free from domination by another and the people should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity
• Conservatives


  Supported the "good old days" when monarchs and kings ruled over their subjects
• Democracy


  Government of the people, by the people and for the people
• Laisses Faire


  Let well enough alone or hands off, a policy that prevented the government from interfering from private trade and industry except for the defense of nation from foreign aggression, maintenance of peace and order, protection of investment in foreign countries and private industry
• The new economic conditions however brought about labor problems: Disputes between capitalist and laborer over wages, working hours, insurance benefits and working conditions
• Liberals


  Adopted the Laisses-Faire policy, allowing capitalist to expand their businesses without restrictions, resulting in the widening gap between the rich and the poor
• Socialists


  Believed that the government should own and manage the means of production for the benefit of many and not just for the few, suggesting reforms can be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political process
• Revolutionary Communism


  Advocated by Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto, believed that only violent revolution could improve the conditions of the working class, advocated abolition of private land ownership, nationalization or centralization of the means of production, confiscation of property
• Rerum Novarum/Conditions of Labor

  Advocated by Pope Leo XIII of the Catholic Church, advocated the Christian principles of respect of rights, state regulations on the right use of private property, preservation of life, state duty to provide favorable working conditions, worker's rights to form unions
• The Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)


  • Mechanization
  • Demand for Products
  • The Enlightenment
  • Science
  • Migration to Cities
  • Low Farm Wages
  • Utilitarianism
• Advancements in Science


  • Atomic theory formulated by John Dalton
  • Element Radium discovered by Marie Curie
  • Germs that caused diseases in man and animals discovered by Louis Pasteur
  • Infectious diseases causing bacteria called anthrax discovered by Robert Koch, who also developed an inoculation to prevent its spread
  • Antiseptics to prevent infections developed by Dr. Joseph Lister
  • Use of anesthesia in surgical operations demonstrated by Dr. Crawford Long
  • Painless tooth extraction using ether first performed by Dr. William Morton
• The advancement in science and medicine improved public sanitation and health, thereby increasing the average life span of the population
• Imperialism


  The activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through acquisition of a new territory, for the purpose of securing raw materials, markets for manufactured goods, outlet for surplus population and fields of expansion for investment for surplus capital, for acquisition of regions necessary for national defense and territories, and for spreading religious mission
• Rizal: 'In his novel Noli, Rizal hailed the "Jesuits whom the Philippines owes her dawning system of instruction in the natural sciences, the soul of the nineteenth century"'
• Rizal: 'The people go from island to another, naturally communication and exchange of ideas have increased and realizing they were all menaced with the same danger and their common sentiments are hurt, they become friends and they unite'
• Rizal: 'No matter how much the Filipinos owe Spain, they cannot be compelled to renounce their right of redemption...However great is the loyalty of the Filipinos, Spain cannot prevent the fatal laws of history be fulfilled'
• Rizal: 'Despite all that system, the Filipinos remained loyal and faithful to Mother Spain for three centuries, giving up their liberty and independence'
• Rizal: 'ained loyal and faithful to Mother Spain for three centuries, giving up their liberty and independence, now fascinated by the promised heaven, now flattered by the friendship offered them by a great and noble nation (Mother Spain), and now compelled to submission by the superiority of arms for persons with low opinion of themselves...or now because of foreign invaders, taking advantage of the internal dissension, played the role of the third party of divide and rule'
• The demand for national identity and independence was a result of Western ideas of nationalism and democracy
• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda

  Rizal's full name
• Rizal's birthdate: June 19, 1861
• Rizal's birthplace: Calamba, Laguna
• Rizal was baptized by Father Rufino Collantes
• Rizal's godfather was Rev. Pedro Casanas
• Rizal


  • His body was frail and sickly
• At the age of 3, Rizal learned the alphabet
• At the age of 5, Rizal could read and write
• Rizal's pets


  • Usman - Big black dog
  • Alipato - Pony
• Rizal's father


  Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado Y Alejandra II, born as the youngest of 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado on May 18, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. He was from the fourth generation of Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lamco
• Rizal's father was elected in Calamba as Cabeza De Barangay
• Rizal's mother


  Teodora Alonso Realonda Y Quintos, born as the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brigida De quintos on November 9, 1827 in Manila. Rizal described her as "a woman of higher culture"
• Rizal's mother was married to Don Francisco on June 28, 1848
• Rizal's siblings


  • Saturnina "Neneng" - Oldest, attended La Concordia College in Manila, married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanuan Batangas
  • Paciano "Ciano" - Only brother, referred to as "Uto", attended Collegio de San Jose in Manila, sent a monthly allowance of 50 pesos to Jose Rizal, became a Military Commander of Katipunan, married Severina Decena and had 2 children, died of Tuberculosis at the age of 79
  • Narcisa "Sisa" - Supported Jose's studies abroad, could narrate all of Jose's poems, married to Antonio Lopez, a teacher and musician
  • Olimpia "Ypia" - Married to Silvestro Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila, attended La Concordia College, schoolmate of Jose's first love Segunda Katigbak
  • Lucia "Lucia" - Married to Mariano Herbosa, had 5 children, Mariano died in 1889 Cholera Epidemic and was denied a Christian burial due to being Jose's brother-in-law, passed away in 1919
  • Maria "Biang" - Married Daniel Faustino Cruz and had 5 children, one of her children Mauricio Cruz became a student of Rizal in Dapitan, passed away in 1945
  • Jose "Pepe" - Known by pen names Laonglaan, Dimasalang at Agno, married to Josephine Bracken and had 1 child, died on December 30, 1898 at the age of 35
  • Concepcion "Concha" - Died at the age of 3 due to sickness, Rizal's first sorrow
  • Josefa "Panggoy" - Suffered from epilepsy, joined and was an active member of the Katipunan, unmarried and lived with sister Trinidad until death, died in 1945
  • Trinidad "Trining" - Known as the custodian of Mi Ultimo Adios, joined Katipunan when Jose died, remained single and shared a home with Josefa, died in 1951
  • Soledad "Choleng" - Youngest, most educated among Rizal's sisters, an Educator, married Pantaleon Quintero and had 5 children, passed away in 1929
• Rizal wrote in his diary, Memoirs of a Student in Manila, that his mother had a difficult time giving birth to him. Dona Teodora made a pact with Antipolo's Patroness, Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, that she would send the child she was carrying on a pilgrimage to her shrine once she had passed through the difficult birthing process. The baby was saved and Dona Teodora kept her promise by sending the 7-year-old Rizal on a journey from Calamba to Antipolo, accompanied by his father Don Francisco Mercado
• The 19th century was the era of challenges and responses, a period of major changes that affected man and society
• Contexts of Rizal's time

  • Political
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Educational System
• Viceroy


  One who appointed the Governor General in the Philippines. Ambassador