7.2

Cards (123)

  • The most significant elements of plasma are albumin,
  • albumin, a plasma protein responsible for osmotic pressure and transport of many types of molecules;
  • immunoglobulins, or antibodies, which are important parts of the immune system;
  • Fibrinogen - responsible for blood clotting.
  • transferrin - which carries iron.
  • complement - a group of immune system proteins that, when activated, destroy target cells by puncturing their membranes.
  • Electrolytes include the major ions of plasma.
  • All blood cells are formed in the bone marrow from the division of long-lived progenitors called stem cells.
  • An average adult has 5 to 6 L of blood.
  • Plasma constitutes 55% of the volume of blood.
  • Plasma - It is 90% water, with the rest made up of dissolved
    proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and vitamins, plus waste products.
  • an anticoagulant, a chemical that keeps blood from clotting.
  • The plasma is the straw-to-yellow color fluid that floats on top of the cells in the sample.
  • Plasma
    light blue, royal blue, pink, pearl, gray, green, light green, or tan.
  • These samples are collected in a green-top tube.
  • They are also used for coagulation tests, which are
    collected in a blue-top tube.
  • Serum samples are collected in tubes with a top that is one of these colors: 

    orange, royal blue, red, gold, or tiger-speckled (red and gold).
  • The formed elements constitute 45% of blood volume.
  • FE
    Of these, 99% are red blood cells (RBCs), with white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets making up the rest.
  • There are 5 million RBCs in a microliter (mL) of whole blood.
  • An RBC initially contains a cell nucleus, but this is expelled
    shortly after formation, at which stage the RBC is known as a reticulocyte.
  • The reticulocyte count, a common laboratory test, provides the physician with an indirect measure of how well the bone marrow is producing RBCs.
  • Once released into the peripheral circulation, within a day or two, it
    matures into an erythrocyte.
  • A single RBC remains in the peripheral circulation about 120 days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen.
  • RBC destruction results in three major breakdown products: iron,
    amino acids, and bilirubin.
  • The iron and amino acids are recycled.
  • The only waste product, bilirubin, is transported to the liver for elimination from the body.
  • The iron-containing heme groups are recycled to make new hemoglobin for packing into new RBCs.
  • White blood cells or leukocytes protect the body against infection.
  • WBCs are produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and undergo a complex maturation process, which may involve
    the thymus and other organs.
  • There are 5000-10,000 WBCs in 1 mL of whole blood.
  • At any time, most WBCs are not in the blood but in the peripheral tissues and lymphatic system.
  • An important feature of all WBCs is their ability to recognize specific molecules on the surface of infectious agents and to distinguish them from markers on the body’s own cells.
  • Granulocytes get their name because of the presence of visible
    granules in their cytoplasm.
  • The granulocytes include neutrophils-eosinophils-basophils.
  • Mononuclear leukocytes have larger, unsegmented nuclei.
  • They all contain powerful chemicals that destroy foreign cells and signal other parts of the immune system - ML
  • Neutrophils, so called because their granules do not take up either acidic or basic dyes.
  • Neutrophils make up 40% to 60% of all leukocytes in the blood
  • Neutrophils - They are phagocytes, whose role is to attack and digest bacteria, and their numbers increase during a bacterial infection.