ICT

• Model


  A representation of a real-world system using numbers and calculations
• Purpose of a model

  • To test ideas quickly and cheaply before building the real thing
  • To discover problems ahead of time
• Making a mathematical model

  1. Identify key facts about the real-world system

  2. Represent those facts using numbers and calculations

  3. Use a computer program to process the numbers and show how the system will work
• Abstraction


  Making a problem simpler by leaving out details that are not needed for the purpose
• Surface area


  Width multiplied by length
• Volume


  Surface area multiplied by depth
• Values used in the model

  • Pond width
  • Pond length
  • Pond depth
  • Surface area
  • Volume of water
• Algorithm


  A plan to solve a problem, setting out the steps in order
• Making a Python program to match the algorithm

  1. Create a user-friendly interface to input the values

  2. Store the data using suitable variable names

  3. Convert the data to the right data type

  4. Calculate the surface area, volume, and number of fish

  5. Output the results
• The program should output: surface area, volume of water, and number of fish that can live in the pond
• The level of water in a pool is affected by both evaporation and rainfall
• Evaporation


  The sun shines on the pond and some of the water turns into water vapour, causing the amount of water in the pond to go down
• Rainfall


  Increases the amount of water in the pond
• Both rainfall and evaporation are affected by the surface area of the pond
• A wide, shallow pond will collect more rain, but also lose more to evaporation
• The villagers need to know how evaporation and rainfall will affect their ponds, especially if the weather is hot and there is not much rain
• If the water level goes down too far, the fish might die
• Evaporation means the sun shines on the pond and some of the water turns into water vapour. The amount of water in the pond goes down.
• Rainfall might increase the amount of water in the pond.
• Both rainfall and evaporation are affected by the surface area of the pond. A wide, shallow pond will collect more rain, but also lose more to evaporation.
• The water cycle


  1. Evaporation

  2. Condensation

  3. Collection
• Calculating water loss due to evaporation

  1. Calculate surface area in square metres

  2. Multiply by evaporation rate in metres
• Algorithm


  Sets out the inputs, outputs and processes for calculating evaporation
• Calculating volume increase due to rainfall

  1. Calculate surface area

  2. Multiply by rainfall in millimetres

  3. Divide by 1000 to get cubic metres
• Calculating total change in pond volume


  1. Calculate rain

  2. Calculate evaporation

  3. Subtract evaporation from rain
• The challenge is to make this program without help. You can use code that you have made before. You can retype the commands, or you can copy and paste from your old programs.
• A for loop counts up to a set value. A while loop uses a conditional test. Because we want to count to exactly 12 we will use a for loop. It must count up to 12.
• Create an empty list at the start of the program. Append the volume of water at the end of each month to the list. At the end of the program, traverse the list and print out each stored value.
• Computational thinking


  Artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI)


  • What it means
  • How it is used in real life
  • Some methods used to develop it
  • The benefits and limitations of it
• You will look at the work of a radio operator on an Antarctic base
• He must check the signals to see if they are real human messages or bad signals caused by interference
• Example programs with 'good' and 'bad' signals are provided for you to check
• Do you think a computer will ever be made that is as intelligent as a person?

  Would this be a good thing or a bad thing?
• Unplugged activity


  1. Look at an example of image recognition

  2. Create a secret design

  3. Guess the design
• Deep Dream Generator (deepdreamgenerator.com) is a website that uses visual images to explore AI
• Heuristics


  • Reinforcement
  • Machine learning
  • Expert systems
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Decision tree
• Antarctica is a large continent at the far south of the globe
• Scientists live there and receive messages by radio
• The program provides a series of short example signals, some good and some bad