Physics

• The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed or transferred (except in a nuclear reaction)
• The unit for energy are joules (J)
• The law of electrostatic attraction states that objects that are oppositely charged will feel an attractive force towards each other, but objects with the same charge will repel
• Conductors are materials that have free electrons and allow electrons to flow through them
• Insulators are materials that do not have free electrons and do not allow electrons to flow through them
• Free electrons are electrons that are not tightly held by their nuclei
• Charge separation is the imbalance of charges between two locations
• If rubbed onto a conductor, the electrons will flow through the material and spread onto the surface
• If rubbed onto an insulator, the electrons can't flow through the insulator and will be stuck in place (static electricity)
• The three main ways that charged objects can become neutral again are that the object can come into contact with the ground, the object can sit in the air for a long period of time, and the object can be brought near an oppositely charged object
• Electric current is the flow of charge from one location to another
• Current is a measure of how many electrons are flowing past a point every second
• The unit for current are amperes or amps for short (A)
• The symbol for current is I
• EMF/Voltage is the energy (per unit charge) provided to a circuit by power source
• The symbol for voltage is V
• The unit for voltage are volts (V)
• Resistance is the opposition to electron flow provided by a material
• The symbol for resistance is R
• The unit for resistance are ohms (Ω)
• A resistor is an object that resists the flow of electrons
• The four factors that affect resistance are the material, the length, the thickness, and the temperature
• The equation for ohms law is V=IR
• The equation for calculating the resistance of an object from a graph is rise over run
• A load is any part of an electrical circuit that transforms electrical energy into another kind of energy
• Potential difference is the energy(per unit charge) that is transformed by a load
• The unit for potential difference are volts (V)
• Voltage (EMF & Potential Difference) is measured by a voltmeter
• Voltmeters are connected to a circuit in parallel
• Current is measured by an ammeter
• Ammeters are connected to a circuit in series
• Resistance is measured by an ohmmeter
• Ohmmeters are connected to a circuit in parallel
• Power is the amount of energy transformed by a load every second
• The symbol for power is P
• The unit for power are watts (W)
• One watt is one joule per second
• The equation to find the power of a load from the energy and the time is P=E/t
• The equation to find the power of a load from the current and voltage is P=IV
• Energy is the ability to do work