LESSON 3

• Cognitive learning theories


  Theories that explain how the human mind processes, stores, and retrieves information
• Cognitive learning theorists


  • Jean Piaget
  • Lev Vygotsky
  • George A. Miller
  • Richard Shiffrin
• Cognitive learning


  an active style of learning that focuses on helping you learn how to maximize your brain's potential.
• Cognition


  the ability of the brain's mental processes to absorb and retain information through experiences, senses, and thought.
• Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory


  • Considers the active role of an individual as a factor in human development
  • Explains how a child understands the world: how he thinks, reasons out, remembers and solves problems
• Schemata


  concepts or mental models that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

  • something someone possess and will continue in your entire life.
• Assimilation


  take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas.
• Accommodation


  we take in new info by changing schema
• Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
  • Pre-operational (2 to 7 years)
  • Concrete-operational (8 to 11 years)
  • Formal operational (12 years and up)
• Sensorimotor stage


  • Knowledge is based on the senses
  • Child responds to people and things through reflex movements
  • Learns about the world through basic actions like sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
  • Develops object permanence
• Pre-operational stage


  • Emergence of language is a major hallmark
  • Begins to use symbols to represent what he knows (symbolic thought)The emergence
  • Tends to be egocentric and struggles to see things from others' perspectives
  • Has difficulty understanding reversibility
  • Exhibits animism and conservation errors
• Concrete-operational stage


  • Child begins to be more logical, able to perform simple operations and understand reversibility
  • Demonstrates abilities like conservation, classification, and seriation
• Formal operational stage


  • Involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas,, abstract thought and problem solving
• Deductive reasoning


  Basic form of reasoning that uses a general principle or premise as grounds to draw specific conclusions
• Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development


  • Rejects Piaget's stage theory and believes children develop through social interactions
  • Includes concepts like culture-specific tools, private speech, and the zone of proximal development
• Lev Vygotsky (1934, 1978)


  Psychologist who developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development
• Elementary mental functions


  Basic abilities for intellectual development, including attention, sensation, perception, and memory
• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)


  Someone who has a better understanding or higher ability level than the learner
• Zone of proximal development


  The difference between what a child can achieve independently and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner
• Scaffolding


  Providing support while learning a new concept or skill
• Information processing theory


  Cognitive framework that explains how the human mind processes, stores, and retrieves information
• Types of information processing theory


  • Serial processing
  • Parallel processing
  • Hierarchical processing
• Serial processing theory


  • Information is processed one step at a time in the order received
  • Each piece of information is held in short-term memory until the next piece comes in, then it is transferred to long-term memory or discarded
• Stages of serial information processing


  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• Sensory memory


  • this initial stage briefly holds and filters external stimuli. • responsible for selective processing, allowing us to focus on relevant information and disregard irrelevant stimuli
• Short-term memory (STM)


  Temporarily stores and manipulates information from sensory memory, with a limited capacity of 5-9 chunks
• Long-term memory (LTM)


  Stores important information from STM indefinitely, with unlimited capacity
• Parallel processing theory


  • Multiple pieces of information can be processed simultaneously instead of sequentially
  • Argues against the concept of a limited capacity for short-term memory
• Hierarchical processing theory


  • Different levels of complexity exist within cognitive processes, with higher-level tasks requiring more complex mental operations
• Information processing in daily life


  • Driving
  • Learning a language
  • Problem-solving
• Stages of information processing theory


  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Transformation
• Problem solving


  Cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal for which the problem solver does not initially know a solution method
• Elements of problem solving


  • Cognitive
  • Process
  • Directed
  • Personal
• Types of problems


  • Well-defined
  • Ill-defined
• Creative problem solving (CPS)


  An intentional process for solving problems and discovering opportunities
• Stages of creative problem solving


  • Mess finding
  • Data finding
  • Problem finding
  • Idea finding
  • Solution finding
  • Acceptance finding
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

  
  

  he focuses on child's cognitive growth.

  Thinking is the central aspect of development and children are naturally inquisitive

  children develop schemata to help them understand world
• american psychologists

  Richard Shiffrin George A. Miller
• This theory suggests that our cognitive abilities are based on the interaction of

  sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• Sensitize yourself (scan, search) for issues (concerns, challenges, opportunities, etc.) that need to be tackled

  Stage 1: Mess finding: