Science reviewer

• Food movement along the digestive tract

  1. Mouth

  2. Esophagus

  3. Stomach

  4. Small Intestine

  5. Large Intestine

  6. Rectum and Anus
• Mouth


  Food is chewed, enzyme in the saliva starts digesting carbohydrates
• Esophagus


  A muscular tube that carries the food to the stomach through peristalsis
• Liver


  Produces a green liquid called bile that is secreted to break down fats
• Large Intestine


  Water and mineral salts from undigested food are absorbed
• Stomach


  Everything is mixed with digestive juices, hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, enzymes break down proteins
• Pancreas


  Many kinds of digestive enzymes are made here and then secreted to the small intestine
• Small Intestine


  Complete digestion takes place and nutrition from digested food are absorbed
• Rectum and Anus


  Solid waste passes in order to leave the body
• Ingestion


  The entry of substances into the body through swallowing
• Absorption


  The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body
• Assimilation


  The movement of the digested food molecules into the cells of the body from where they are used
• Excretion


  The final function of the digestive system is the releasing of waste in a process known as defecation
• Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments
• Cell Division


  The process by which a cell divides into two or more cells
• Mitosis


  A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells
• Meiosis


  A type of cell division that produces four genetically distinct daughter cells
• Interphase


  1. Cell grows

  2. DNA replicates
• Prophase


  1. Chromosomes become visible

  2. Spindle apparatus forms and attaches to centromeres
• Metaphase


  Duplicated chromosomes line up along the cell's equator
• Anaphase


  Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
• Telophase


  1. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli reform

  2. Cell plate begins to form
• Cytokinesis


  Cytoplasm, organelles, and nuclear material evenly split to form two new cells
• Phases of Mitosis


  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
• Interphase is the longest stage of a cell's life and the time spent between cell divisions
• Mitosis has 4 main phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Cytokinesis is the final stage of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides and two new cells are formed
• Meiosis ensures genetic diversity and integrity by reducing the chromosome count by half during gamete formation
• Stages of Meiosis


  • Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I)
  • Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)
• Meiosis produces 4 genetically distinct gamete cells (sperm or eggs) from one parent cell