Socialisation + culture 15 marker

• Socialisation


  The process by which individuals learn to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community
• Family


  • Parents are primary agents of socialisation
  • Teaches children how to behave and fulfil responsibilities within society through role models
  • Children learn social norms and values necessary to integrate into larger social order
  • Gender division of labour in family based on men's breadwinner and women's caregiver/emotional support roles
• Education


  • Teachers fulfil roles that are essential in creating a structured and supportive learning environment
  • Students have specific roles expected to actively engage in learning, complete assignments and adhere to school rules and regulations
  • Students assigned the roles of learners and expected to engage in process, follow rules, seek clarification when needed
• Media


  • Significant role in shaping and reinforcing gender roles and stereotypes
  • Ads, TV programmes, media characters can shape viewers' perception of societal rules and norms
  • Individuals may model their attitudes based on media
  • Media producers play a significant role in shaping media representation through their creative decisions and storytelling techniques
• Socialisation through imitation


  1. Children learn through imitating role models (Bandura)

  2. Feminist - Ann Oakley argues socialisation through manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations and different activities

  3. Children acquire basic skills, understanding of the world, and adopt parents' values and beliefs through imitation
• Socialisation through imitation in education

  1. Students observe and imitate their teachers' communication style, work ethic to shape their own learning and social behaviours

  2. Students imitate their peers, which can have both positive and negative effects
• Socialisation through imitation in media

  1. Media often presents celebrities and influencers as role models, and individuals may imitate their behaviour

  2. People may imitate the perceived success, lifestyle, and promoted products or brands in media
• Socialisation through sanctions


  1. Family, education, and media use sanctions to reinforce norms and expectations, ensuring individuals conform to socially accepted behaviours

  2. Positive sanctions (e.g. verbal encouragement, material rewards) motivate and reinforce behaviours that align with values and expectations

  3. Negative sanctions (e.g. punishments) help shape student behaviour and promote social control
• Socialisation through conformity


  1. Family: Children are socialised to follow rules and expectations, and conform to gender roles

  2. Education: Students are expected to conform to a set of knowledge and skills deemed essential by education authorities, and classroom rules and disciplines reinforce conformity

  3. Media: Through media reports, certain cultural, social, and gender norms are reinforced, and individuals are encouraged to conform to these expectations