bio 2

• Biogeochemical Cycle


  The ways in which an element—or compound such as water—moves between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere

  
• Water Cycle


  1. State changes in water

  2. Physical movement of water through and between ecosystems

  3. Driven by solar energy

  
• Carbon Cycle


  1. Biological carbon cycle – rapid carbon exchange among living organisms

  2. Geological carbon cycle – long-term cycling of carbon through geologic processes

  
• Nitrogen Cycle


  1. Nitrogen is a common limiting nutrient

  2. Fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus can result in algae blooms (eutrophication)

  
• Phosphorus Cycle


  1. Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient in aquatic ecosystems

  2. Phosphorus in nature exists mostly as phosphate ion PO₄³⁻
• Mitosis vs Meiosis


  Comparison of the two processes in diploid cells

  
• Gregor Mendel's Laws


  • Law of Segregation: Genes have alternative forms (alleles) that account for variations
  • Law of Independent Assortment: Allele pairs segregate independently during gamete formation

  
• Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

  • Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)


  The genetic material, with a double helix structure and specific base pairing
• DNA Replication


  Semiconservative process where each parental strand serves as a template for a new strand

  
• Chromosome


  Consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
• Central Dogma


  Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

  
• Transcription


  Synthesis of RNA complementary to a DNA template strand

  
• Translation


  Synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

  
• Taxonomy


  Characterization, identification, and classification of living organisms
• The Five Kingdoms


  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Ecological Hierarchy


  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Landscape
  • Biome
  • Biosphere

  
• Habitat vs Niche


  Habitat is the physical environment, niche is the functional role of an organism
• Biological Interactions


  • Commensalism
  • Amensalism
  • Mutualism
  • Competition
• Biotic components


  Living organisms
• Abiotic components


  Nonliving factors such as climate, soil, water, air, light, minerals, and others
• Landscape


  Interaction between ecosystems within a region
• Biome


  Consists of all communities present in a large geographical area
• Biosphere


  Total sum of all ecosystems, known as the zone life of Earth, that pertains to all living organisms and their interaction with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
• Habitat


  The natural environment in which an organism lives
• Niche


  The role an organism plays in its ecosystem
• Commensalism


  • One species is benefited and other is neither benefited nor harmed
• Amensalism


  • One species is harmed and other remains unaffected
• Mutualism


  • Two organisms interact together for the benefit of both the species
• Competition


  • Two species competing for the same resources and fitness of one species is affected by the presence of another species
• Predation


  • Relationship of prey and predator
• Parasitism


  • The relationship between the host and a parasite, where the parasite gets benefited by the host. The host may remain unaffected or harmed
• Organ Systems


  • Digestive
  • Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Immune and Lymphatic
  • Excretory
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
• Digestive System


  Food Processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
• Circulatory System


  Internal Distribution of Materials
• Respiratory System


  Gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)
• Immune and Lymphatic System

  Body Defense (fighting infections and cancer)
• Excretory System


  Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
• Endocrine System


  Coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
• Nervous System


  Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them