UK landscape

• The 3 types of rocks

  1. Igneous
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Metamorphic
• Igneous rocks...

  are formed when magma cools down and hardens

  form crystals as the rock cools

  are usually hard
• Sedimentary rocks...

  form when layers of sediment are compacted together

  are usually soft and easily eroded
• Metamorphic rocks...

  form when other rocks are changed by heat and pressure

  are more harder and compact

  (e.g clay becomes slate and then becomes schist due to heat and pressure)
• The UK...

  has upland areas in the north and west

  has lowland areas in the south and east
• UK landscape has changed by...

  volcanoes forcing magma through the earths crust (forms igneous rocks)

  collisions between tectonic plates forcing the land upwards to form mountains and the heat and pressure caused the formation of meta rocks in the North of the UK
• Granite...

  1. is an igneous rock
  2. has lots of joints
  3. is impermeable
• Basalt...

  1. is an igneous rock
  2. is very hard
  3. is impermeable
  4. forms columns
• Chalk...

  1. is a sedimentary rock
  2. is permeable
  3. is soft
• Clay...

  1. is sedimentary
  2. is soft
  3. is porous (small gaps)
• Slate...

  1. is metamorphic
  2. forms layers
  3. resistant to weathering
  4. easily splits
  5. impermeable
• Schist...

  1. is metamorphic
  2. has big crystals
  3. splits easily
  4. impermeable
• Sandstone...

  1. is sedimentary
  2. can be hard or soft
  3. is porous
  4. form underground aquifers
• How ice changes the landscape...

  1. by eroding out large V-shape valleys in upland areas
  2. glaciers deposited lots of material as they melted during ice ages
• Physical process that change the landscape

  1. Weathering
  2. Erosion
  3. Slope processes
• How humans affect the landscape

  1. Agriculture
  2. Forestry
  3. settlements
• mechanical weathering- both freeze thaw and salt weathering

  1. Seawater/water gets into cracks in the rock
  2. When the water evaporates/freezes it leaves salt crystals/ice which puts pressure on the rock
  3. Repeated evaporation/melting widens the cracks and forces the rock to break up
• Chemical weathering (happens in wet and warm climates)

  1. Rainwater has CO2 which makes weak carbonic acid
  2. Carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate and erodes
• Biological weathering

  1. Plant roots break into the rock by growing cracks and pushing them apart
• Mass movement

  1. A large-scale downward movement of rocks and material
  2. more likely to happen when material is full of water
  3. two types- slumping (moves with rotation) and sliding (moves in a straight line)