Lali

• ICT


  Information and Communication Technologies

  
• ICT


  A diverse set of technological tools and resources used to create, disseminate, store, and manage information electronically in digital form
• ICT


  • Includes computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), telephony (fixed line & mobile), services associated with these technologies, such as videoconferencing and electronic mail and blogs etc.
• ICT


  A marriage of three components: Computer, Communications networks, and Know-how (knowledge of how to use technology)
• Computer


  An electronic machine that can be instructed to accept, process, store and present data and information
• Computer


  An electronic and programmable data processing machine
• Communications network


  The connection of stations (computers, printers, etc) at different locations through a medium so as to enable sender/receiver to send and receive data
• Data


  A set of symbols telling "something given" or fact
• Information


  Processed data that is more meaningful and used for decision making
• Computers


  • Speed: Process data at an extremely fast rate, millions of instructions per second
  • Accuracy: Very accurate, but errors can occur from faulty instructions
  • Reliability: Do not require human intervention, have built-in diagnostic capabilities
  • Storage Capability: Can store large amounts of data and recall it instantly
  • Versatility: Can perform multiple tasks flexibly
  • Diligence: Do not suffer from human traits like tiredness and lack of concentration
  • Automatic: Can work without human involvement after starting the programming
• Computers have certain limitations: Can only perform what they are programmed to do, cannot give qualitative considerations
• Reasons to use computers

  • Store and process large amount of information with high speed and accuracy
  • Transmit information across continents via communication channels
  • Simulate events
  • Perform complex mathematical computations and make comparisons
  • Monitor ongoing industrial operations
  • Perform repetitive processes with great ease, speed, and reliability
• Areas where computers are used

  • Education
  • Medicine and Health Care
  • Entertainment
  • Communication
  • Commercial or business applications
  • Scientific-engineering and research application
  • Weather and Environment
  • Transportation
  • Household Control
  • Banking
• Benefits of using ICT in education

  • For teachers
  • For students/learners
• Data Processing Cycle


  1. Accept input from users

  2. Process it

  3. Display it as output for users

  4. Store it for some other time in secondary storages
• In ancient times, people used fingers to perform calculations such as addition and subtraction
• Pebbles were used to represent numbers, which led to the development of sand table
• Sand table


  Consists of three grooves in the sand with a maximum of 9 pebbles in each groove to represent numbers
• Data Processing Cycle


  Accepting input from users, processing it, displaying it as output for users, and storing it for some other time in secondary storages
• Computer


  • Electronic and programmable data processing machine
• Regardless of where computers are used, the phase of data processing remains the same
• Evolution and Types of Computers

  • Brief History of Computers
  • Generation of Computers
  • Types of Computers
• Sand table


  Consists of three grooves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove. To increase the count by one, a pebble has to add in the right hand groove. When 10 pebbles were collected in the right groove, they were removed and one pebble was added to the adjacent left groove.
• Abacus


  Emerged around 5000 years ago in Asia and in some parts of the world. It is still in use. The word 'abacus' was derived from Arabic word 'abaq' which means 'dust'. It was simply a portable sand table.
• Abacus


  • Invented by Chinese and Egyptians some 500 years back
  • Assumed to be the first adding machine. It consisted of rows of beads in rectangular frame
  • Beads represent place holders and performs arithmetic operations
  • It worked on the principle of place value notation

  
• Napier bones


  Designed by John Napier in 1614. It is the same as abacus, but Napier bones include multiplication and it was the best known for the invention of logarithms.
• Pascal adding machine


  The first mechanical adding machine (automatic calculator) developed by French mathematician known as Blaise Pascal in 1642. It can only add and subtract numbers. It had a complex arrangement of wheels, gears and windows to display of numbers.
• Later, the machine was improved by a Germany mathematician called Leibinz to perform two additional operations such as multiplication and division and find square root.
• Jacquard loom


  In 1801, the French textile weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom with an automatic car reader known as punch card machine. The idea of Jacquard to use punched cards was to provide an effective means of communication with machines.
• Difference engine


  In 1822, the British Mathematician Charles Babbage invented the difference engine. The difference engine was intended to solve differential equations as well. However, Babbage never quite made a fully functional difference engine and in 1833, Babbage upgraded his machine and called it the analytical machine.
• Analytical machine


  Considered to be the first general-purpose programmable computer. Babbage never built an analytical engine, which was to have a memory unit or arithmetic unit to perform computation.
• Mark-I computer


  It was essentially a serial collection of electromechanical calculator and had many similarities to Babbage's analytical machine. It was capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and table reference. However, it was extremely slow, noise and bulky (approximately 50 feet long, 8 feet high and weighed 5 tones).
• ABC computer


  Designed by John Vincent Atansoft and Clifford Berry in 1939.It was the first electronic computer which introduce the idea of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logical circuit.
• ENIAC


  Designed by John Mauchly and Eckert in 1946.It used vacuum tubes to store data and instruction internally, and it is accepted as the first successful high speed electronic digital computer. The size of ENIAC's numerical word was 10 decimal digits, and it could multiply two of these numbers at a rate of 300 per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was a big machine that used 18,000 vacuum tubes, required around 160kw of electricity, weighed about 30 tons, and took about 140 square meters of space.
• Generations of Computers


  • First Generation (1940-56): Vacuum Tubes
  • Second Generation (1956-63): Transistors
  • Third Generation (1964-Early 1970s): Integrated Circuits
  • Fourth Generation (Early 1970s-Till Date): Microprocessors
  • Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence
• First Generation Computers


  • Used vacuum tubes as principle electronic components
  • Used magnetic drums for storage
  • Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts
  • Relied on binary-coded language (language of 0s and 1s) to perform operations and were able to solve only one problem at time
  • Extremely large, expensive and operates with a speed of milliseconds, one thousands of a second (10-3)
• Second Generation Computers


  • Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes
  • Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices
  • Still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output
  • Saw the progress of machine language to assembly language, which used mnemonics (abbreviations) for instructions rather than numbers
  • Early high-level programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN also came into existence
• Third Generation Computers


  • Developed the integrated circuit, which consists of a single chip (usually silicon) with many components such as transistors and resistors fabricated on it
  • Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system
  • Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory
  • Became accessible to mass audience as they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors
• Fourth Generation Computers


  • Based on the integrated circuit technology, but with the development of the microprocessor (circuits containing millions of transistors)
  • Led to an era of large-scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) technology
  • Became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable, giving rise to personal computer (PC) revolution
  • Saw the development of the GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) mouse and handheld devices
• Fifth Generation Computers


  • Will use 'Super Large Scale Integrated' chips, resulting in production of microprocessor having millions of electronic components on a single chip
  • Will use intelligent programming (artificial intelligence or AI) and knowledge-based problem solving techniques
  • Will be capable of performing multiple, simultaneous instructions using more than one micro-processing chip
  • Input and output will be in the form of graphic images or speeches, and will be able to interpret natural Language processing