Psychopathology

• What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias

  Panic, avoidance, endurance
• what are the emotional characteristics of phobias

  anxiety, fear
• what are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

  selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive disortions
• what is a positive of phobias?

  it has good explanatory power, and can be applied to therapy
• what is the general negative about phobias?

  some phobias don’t follow a trauma. somebody could be scared of snakes but never have encountered one. this contradicts the key aspect of Mowrer’s model
• what is the issues and debates negative of phobias?

  it is reductionist. it only focuses on explaining behaviour when cognitive elements play a large role in phobias. It is important to consider human cognition.
• what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

  compulsions - repetitive behaviours which are used to reduce anxiety
• what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

  anxiety, distress, depression, embarrassment
• what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

  obsessions - recurring and persistent thoughts
• what is the positive of OCD?

  it has good explanatory power and can be applied to therapy
• what is the negative of OCD

  the serotonin-OCD link may be simply co-morbidity with depression. Many people who have OCD have depression. this depression involves the disruption of the serotonin system. This weakens the link between serotonin and OCD as there may be other factors involved.
• what are the behavioural factors of depression

  loss of energy, sleep pattern disturbance, poor personal hygiene, social impairment
• what are the emotional factors of depression

  depressed mood, loss of pleasure, feelings of worthlessness
• what are the cognitive factors of depression

  poor memory, reduced concentration, thoughts of death, focus on the negative
• what is the positive of depression (CBT)

  practical application. it gives an increased understanding of the cognitive basis of depression, which leads to more effective treatment.
• what is a positive of depression (attachment)

  studies show that infants who are insecurely attachment to their parents are more vulnerable to depression in adulthood. Therefore, early attachment relationships influence brain development in terms of cognitive and emotional development.
• what is the negative of depression

  it is only a partial explanation. Some cases of depression follow activating events. This is called reactive depression, and it is different from the kind that arises without an obvious cause. This means that Ellis’ explanation only applies to some kinds of depression.