social influence

• compliance (lowest level)- going along with others in public but not privately. normative social influence.
• identification(moderate level)-we value the group so publicly change our opinions. normative social influence.
• internalisation(deepest level)- change in opinions publicly and privately.
• Aschs aim- investigate the extent to which social pressure from majority group could effect a person to conform
• Aschs procedure- 123 males in a lab experiment. they believed they were taking part in a vision test. 1 real participant and 7 confederates state aloud which comparison line was the same length. the task was unambiguous and there was 12 critical trials
• Aschs findings- 75% of participants conformed at least once. average conformity rate of 36.8%
• Aschs conclusion- individuals conform to a majority decision even in an ambiguous task. people conform for 2 reasons- because they want to fit in and because they think the group is correct
• Aschs group size- with 3 confederates conformity to the wrong answer rose to 31.8%
• Aschs unanimity- presence of another non conforming person. influence of the majority depends to some extent
• Aschs task difficulty- as the task got harder conformity rose. informational social influence plays a greater role when the task becomes ambiguous
• Aschs evaluation: generalisability- only used men doesn't tell us about women or other cultures. reliability- lab experiment so it is easy to repeat. real world application- may have gone along with the trial. validity- lacks ecological validity and historical validity. ethics- participants were deceived.
• normative social influence- the desire to be liked and accepted by others. NSI- need to be liked
• informational social influence- result of no knowing the correct answer. because the situation is ambiguous, a crisis or they believe the others are experts. ISI- need to be right
• zimbardo findings- guards began harassing. one prisoner released after 36 hours because of uncontrollable crying and screaming. on the 6th day the research was terminated
• zimbardo conclusion- people will conform to the social roles they are expected to play
• zimbardo aim- whether people conform to the social roles
• zimbardo procedure- 24 male college students payed $15. randomly assigned roles. taken from there home and stripped naked. no physical violence was permitted
• zimbardo evaluation- high validity-high control over variables. lack of validity-paid so may be influenced by the money. ethical issues- harassment of prisoners. lacks generalisability- only males
• milgram aim- investigate people would obey to authority
• milgram method- 40 males participants aged between 20 and 50. paid $4.50. teachers ask questions to learner if they get it wrong you have to administer an electric shock. 15 to 450 volts. if they wanted to stop they were told 4 prods
• augmentation principle- people begin to believe their opinion so majority group members pay more attention to their argument
• snowball effect- minority becomes the majority view
• social crypto amnesia- people are aware of change however cannot remember how it started
• minority influence- consistent- must be consistent in their views. commitment- must be committed to their views. flexibility- prepared to adapt and except counter arguments
• social support- joined by ally so are supported in there view
• locus of control- internals-have control over there life and base decisions on there own beliefs. externals-controlled by external factors and vulnerable to opinions of others
• authoritarian personality- obedient to authority believe you need strong powerful leaders
• Adornos study- aim-investiage the cause of obedient behaviour. procedure: 2000 white Americans using the Fscale. findings- found positive correlations between authoritarianism and prejudice. conclusion- results in greater obedience due to having an extreme respect for authority
• autonomous state- individual makes their own decisions. reponsible for own actions
• agent state- no longer responsible for actions
• milgram variations- location- in a rundown building obedience fee to 47.5% administered 450 volts. proximity- seated in the same room- 40% - teachers forced hand- 30%- gave instructions over the phome- 20.5%. uniform- wore everyday clothes obedience dropped to 20%
• milgram evaluation- generalisability only Male participants. ethical participants were deceived
• milgram findings- 100% participants went to 300v. 65% continued to 450v
• milgram conclusion- under the right situational circumstances people will obey unjust orders from someone of high authority